carbon disulfide production

Data period start year, Data period end year, Valid until year, Multifunctionality applicable, Process type

Citation

Lugas Raka Adrianto; Stephan Pfister (2022). Prospective environmental assessment of reprocessing and valorization alternatives for sulfidic copper tailings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Title

Prospective environmental assessment of reprocessing and valorization alternatives for sulfidic copper tailings

Doi

10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Url

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source type

Scientific journal

Publication year

2022

Relation

Primary source

Authors

Lugas Raka Adrianto · 0000-0002-2063-8509; Stephan Pfister · 0000-0001-8984-2041

Citation

Makhosazane Chucky Kunene (2014). Life cycle assessment of the production of xanthate salts and of their application for ARD mitigation. https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/15597

Title

Life cycle assessment of the production of xanthate salts and of their application for ARD mitigation

Url

https://open.uct.ac.za/handle/11427/15597

Source type

Thesis dissertation

Publication year

2014

Relation

Supporting source

Authors

Makhosazane Chucky Kunene

Target field

data_origins

Origin

Source import

Source reference

Existing published CLIC inventory documentation

Source location

source

Qualification

Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance.

Target field

included_life_cycle_stages

Origin

Source import

Source reference

Existing published CLIC inventory documentation

Source location

name

Qualification

Minimum explicitly named stage(s); no assertion that all upstream/downstream stages of the cited study are present. Manufacturing rejects alone do not create an end-of-life stage.

Target field

publications

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

DOI registration: title, publication dates and byline

Qualification

Bibliographic details refer to this explicitly cited DOI. Existing citation text is retained, including any additional sources. Publication year does not establish the inventory reference year; publication authors are not assigned as inventory compilers.

Target field

publications

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

provenance

Qualification

Original publisher 2022 Word SI (31 native tables) and Excel SI (17 sheets), and 2023 Word SI (14 tables) and Excel SI (five sheets), recovered and read as native OOXML/cached cells. CLIC 2731 matches the 2023 Scenario 0 100% backfill block, not the separate 52% backfill mixture or 2050 variant. The four other records trace to Adrianto/Pfister 2022. Original Kunene dissertation recovered: cover November 2014, UCT catalogue 2015, plant foreground data 2011; four selected PDF pages visually inspected. Word/excel/source editions and date roles remain distinct. Main 2022/2023 paper URLs currently return blocked/rate-limited HTML locally; primary repository/publisher indexed text and genuine supplements support this partial review, not full-main recovery or complete history.

Target field

methodology_notes

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

normalization

Qualification

Preserve own negative one-kg production for treatment datasets 2731/2732/2735 and positive one-kg production for chemicals 2733/2734. Source Word treatment recipes use one tonne wet tailings, 30% moisture and 700 kg dry solids; 413 + 287 kg separated solids close that dry share. Divide by 1000 kg wet feed, not 700 kg, and do not add an extra tailings feed input to the waste-service reference. Signed waste/effluent outputs remain negative. Source 300 kg water disposal/vapor per tonne is converted at an explicit 1000 kg/m3 reference; chemistry, water fate and source wet/dry basis remain qualified. Two diesel rows in backfill are aggregated once for quantity comparison, not duplicated or removed. One-kg scalar agreement does not certify background identities or complete physical balance.

Target field

methodology_notes

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

conflicts

Qualification

CLIC follows original Word Table S5 flotation electricity 25.63 kWh/t; original Excel has 19.5 kWh/t. Word parameter sum 20 + 5.625 = 25.625 rounds to 25.63, but the documents do not establish an official amendment. Word Table S12 roasting nitrogen is 7.51 kg/t versus Excel 8.8; heat is 228.79 versus 228.8 MJ/t (rounding screen). Word includes fugitive ammonia/ammonium carbonate air rows absent from original Excel. Source zero freight sensitivity row does not imply a missing positive purchase. Retain each source version and current quantities; no automatic overwrite from Excel or guessed erratum. Current generic/global labels and mapped backgrounds do not preserve original Portugal electricity or exact 3.7.1/3.8 provider bindings.

Target field

methodology_notes

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

chemistry

Qualification

Kunene Table 14 uses one tonne pure-equivalent sodium ethyl xanthate, based on production of a 40% liquid product: 0.53 t CS2, 0.28 t caustic and 0.32 t ethanol per tonne pure xanthate, plus 1.58 m3 water, 22 m3 nitrogen and 0.59 GJ electricity. The 2022 SI conversions underpin current per-kg amounts, including nitrogen 27.52 kg/t at implied gas density 1.25091 kg/m3; liquid-nitrogen supplier phase remains an adaptation, not proof of liquid use. Dry-content NaOH in 50% solution and near-neat ethanol are active-mass references, not as-received solution kg. Water dilution/cooling, reaction water, solution product purity and actual collector-dose basis require coordinated review; no blind 2.5 purity multiplier. Kunene Table 10 distinguishes methane-rich feed 224.02 kg/t CS2, fuel gas 7.51 GJ/t for tail-gas flaring, steam 6.54 GJ/t and 0.81 GJ/t electricity, with direct SO2 40.5 and CO2 362.36 kg/t. The later SI/CLIC maps fuel gas to purchased natural-gas heat while retaining direct flare emissions: verify fuel versus delivered heat, combustion ownership and upstream carbon together. Do not infer carbon closure from feed methane alone or silently duplicate combustion. Source nitrogen gas 13.05 m3/t maps to 16.33 kg/t, not a certified cryogenic process. No isolated amount or provider replacement selected.

Target field

methodology_notes

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

boundaries

Qualification

CLIC treatment-only adaptations omit downstream products/substitution credits. That does not certify the source's whole valorization-chain environmental benefit. Roasting source has SO2/SO3 as technosphere streams for sulfuric-acid recovery, not automatically direct air emissions; its heat parameters assume partial heat supply from the acid plant. Resolve acid/heat ownership and final gas fate jointly before adding emissions or removing utility inputs. Current fugitive air flows follow the Word SI, not a full material/fate model. Backfill retains exact 100% source quantities, including 0.000625 m3 underground volume per kg (inverse 1600 kg/m3) and surface land rows. Inherited impoundment commentary cites 2200 kg/m3, 60 m height and 130-year occupation, while stored occupation/transformation ratio is about 6.34 years; these refer to potentially different boundaries. Do not force a single density/occupation scalar or import long-term metals from the separate submerged/52% mixture. Binders, diesel, processing land, underground voids, groundwater stability and disposal credit boundaries need source-specific review.

Target field

publications

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

entities

Qualification

2022 byline is Lugas Raka Adrianto and Stephan Pfister, both ETH Zurich Institute of Environmental Engineering; captured article registry verifies their two ORCIDs. 2023 byline adds Luca Ciacci at University of Bologna Department of Industrial Chemistry Toso Montanari and Stefanie Hellweg at ETH; do not infer article-specific ORCIDs from current profiles. Canonical ETH, Bologna and UCT parents verified by exact name/country/ROR; addresses and institutes remain subordinate units. Sole Kunene thesis author remains distinct from supervisors Broadhurst/von Blottnitz/Dicks and Senmin industrial-data assistance. SULTAN is one source-study MSCA/Horizon 2020 project, grant 812580, confirmed by CORDIS (2018–2022); its dates are not inventory years. 2023 Crossref labels two funding IDs Horizon 2020, but 10.13039/100018693 resolves to HORIZON EUROPE Framework Programme and is not a duplicate identity. Preserve this mismatch and the historical H2020 registry replacement chain instead of merging programmes. PSI registry funding role remains unresolved; technical support, employment and funding cannot be equated. Source institutions/project/funding do not propagate into CLIC contributors/projects/funding arrays.

Target field

publications

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

updates

Qualification

Scoped paper/ancestor searches found no applicable authoritative standalone erratum; no complete correction history established. Empty registry update/relation fields do not certify current status. Source Word/Excel discrepancies, UCT cover/catalogue date differences and later CLIC adaptations are not automatically published amendments. Blocked/rate-limited HTML saved under PDF filenames is excluded from original-main evidence. Preserve genuine original supplements, exact archive/source hashes and before-value guards. No catalogue, inventory, entity or attribution changes applied.

Target field

technology_description

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

Adrianto/Pfister 2022 original Word SI and Excel inventories, methods/upscaling table and exact retained treatment/reagent references

Qualification

Technical-characterisation review TC-2734. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: No matched own-reference site/product/operating denominator establishes this field. Source mine/refinery capacities, reserve weights, recovery/allocation fractions, land ratios and per-tonne reagent intensities remain contextual. Feed batch mass/moisture, separated solids, specific electricity and reagent doses are process-model parameters. No uniquely bound own plant throughput, annual output/year, calendar life or utilization is established. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field

technology_description

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

Adrianto/Pfister 2022 original Word SI and Excel inventories, methods/upscaling table and exact retained treatment/reagent references

Qualification

Technical-characterisation review TC-2734. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: No matched own-reference site/product/operating denominator establishes this field. Source mine/refinery capacities, reserve weights, recovery/allocation fractions, land ratios and per-tonne reagent intensities remain contextual. Feed batch mass/moisture, separated solids, specific electricity and reagent doses are process-model parameters. No uniquely bound own plant throughput, annual output/year, calendar life or utilization is established. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field

technology_description

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

Adrianto/Pfister 2022 original Word SI and Excel inventories, methods/upscaling table and exact retained treatment/reagent references

Qualification

Technical-characterisation review TC-2734. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: No matched own-reference site/product/operating denominator establishes this field. Source mine/refinery capacities, reserve weights, recovery/allocation fractions, land ratios and per-tonne reagent intensities remain contextual. Feed batch mass/moisture, separated solids, specific electricity and reagent doses are process-model parameters. No uniquely bound own plant throughput, annual output/year, calendar life or utilization is established. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field

technology_description

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

Adrianto/Pfister 2022 original Word SI and Excel inventories, methods/upscaling table and exact retained treatment/reagent references

Qualification

Technical-characterisation review TC-2734. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: No matched own-reference site/product/operating denominator establishes this field. Source mine/refinery capacities, reserve weights, recovery/allocation fractions, land ratios and per-tonne reagent intensities remain contextual. Feed batch mass/moisture, separated solids, specific electricity and reagent doses are process-model parameters. No uniquely bound own plant throughput, annual output/year, calendar life or utilization is established. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field

technology_description

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

Adrianto/Pfister 2022 original Word SI and Excel inventories, methods/upscaling table and exact retained treatment/reagent references

Qualification

Technical-characterisation review TC-2734. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: No matched own-reference site/product/operating denominator establishes this field. Source mine/refinery capacities, reserve weights, recovery/allocation fractions, land ratios and per-tonne reagent intensities remain contextual. Feed batch mass/moisture, separated solids, specific electricity and reagent doses are process-model parameters. No uniquely bound own plant throughput, annual output/year, calendar life or utilization is established. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field

technology_description

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

Adrianto/Pfister 2022 original Word SI and Excel inventories, methods/upscaling table and exact retained treatment/reagent references

Qualification

Technical-characterisation review TC-2734. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Dai2018, Arvidsson2022/correction2023, Adrianto2022/2023 and thesis2014/catalogue2015 are publication roles;2011 plant data and 2013/2017 site references do not uniquely define this normalized/composite activity’s annual output year. Feed batch mass/moisture, separated solids, specific electricity and reagent doses are process-model parameters. No uniquely bound own plant throughput, annual output/year, calendar life or utilization is established. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field

technology_description

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

Adrianto/Pfister 2022 original Word SI and Excel inventories, methods/upscaling table and exact retained treatment/reagent references

Qualification

Technical-characterisation review TC-2734. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: No matched own-reference site/product/operating denominator establishes this field. Source mine/refinery capacities, reserve weights, recovery/allocation fractions, land ratios and per-tonne reagent intensities remain contextual. Feed batch mass/moisture, separated solids, specific electricity and reagent doses are process-model parameters. No uniquely bound own plant throughput, annual output/year, calendar life or utilization is established. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field

technology_description

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

Adrianto/Pfister 2022 original Word SI and Excel inventories, methods/upscaling table and exact retained treatment/reagent references

Qualification

Technical-characterisation review TC-2734. Commercial maturity stage: mature_commercial. Basis: Clear unsupported early-commercial / TRL8 for exact prospective tailings treatments. Conventional xanthate and methane-route CS2 manufacturing receive explicit curator mature-commercial / 9 class assessments, not numerical TRLs assigned to the adapted recipe or the full tailings-removal system. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field

technology_description

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

Adrianto/Pfister 2022 original Word SI and Excel inventories, methods/upscaling table and exact retained treatment/reagent references

Qualification

Technical-characterisation review TC-2734. Technology readiness level: 9. Basis: Clear unsupported early-commercial / TRL8 for exact prospective tailings treatments. Conventional xanthate and methane-route CS2 manufacturing receive explicit curator mature-commercial / 9 class assessments, not numerical TRLs assigned to the adapted recipe or the full tailings-removal system. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field

technology_description

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

Adrianto/Pfister 2022 original Word SI and Excel inventories, methods/upscaling table and exact retained treatment/reagent references

Qualification

Technical-characterisation review TC-2734. Technological representativeness: 4. Basis: Retain existing conservative technology/geography/time 4/3/4 as qualified curator assessments of prospective experimental/industrial-proxy transfers and supplier/temporal limits. Publication 2022, future electricity scenario and source mine/tailings dates do not establish a measured output year. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field

technology_description

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

Adrianto/Pfister 2022 original Word SI and Excel inventories, methods/upscaling table and exact retained treatment/reagent references

Qualification

Technical-characterisation review TC-2734. Geographical representativeness: 3. Basis: Retain existing conservative technology/geography/time 4/3/4 as qualified curator assessments of prospective experimental/industrial-proxy transfers and supplier/temporal limits. Publication 2022, future electricity scenario and source mine/tailings dates do not establish a measured output year. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field

technology_description

Origin

Editor verification

Source reference

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106567

Source location

Adrianto/Pfister 2022 original Word SI and Excel inventories, methods/upscaling table and exact retained treatment/reagent references

Qualification

Technical-characterisation review TC-2734. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Retain existing conservative technology/geography/time 4/3/4 as qualified curator assessments of prospective experimental/industrial-proxy transfers and supplier/temporal limits. Publication 2022, future electricity scenario and source mine/tailings dates do not establish a measured output year. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.