factory construction and operation, for LiS battery

Metadata & sources Methods, scope, reference years, publications, contributors, projects and funding.

Scientific journal publication

Mudit Chordia; Anders Nordelöf; Linda Ager-Wick Ellingsen (2021). Environmental life cycle implications of upscaling lithium-ion battery production. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, 2024–2039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0

Background database: ecoinvent / 3.9
Background system model: cut-off
Biosphere database: ecoinvent / 3.9

These are the stored source profiles for this version. Foreground methodology is recorded in Scientific metadata.

External references

Publication DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00141

Declarations describe this version's foreground inventory. Missing information is not evidence of a particular allocation method or data origin.

Source publication year: 2021
Inventory reference year: Not specified
Foreground modelling approach: Not specified
Allocated product inventory: Not specified
Allocation or multifunctionality treatment: Not specified
Inventory contributions: Not specified
Methodology notes: Factory-year and output basis
Chordia et al. (2021), SI Tables S2-10/S2-11, models a 2 GWh/year cylindrical-cell production share within a 16 GWh/year facility. Construction is annualized over 25 years; the text assumes operation for at least that period. These are source-model allocation assumptions, not observations of a Li–S plant. The source prose assigns one quarter of the site to refinery functions, while Table S2-11 assigns 30,000 of 150,000 m², or 20%, with 120,000 m² for electronics. The current construction coefficients retain the printed table; this source inconsistency does not establish an isolated coefficient correction.

Corrected current utilities
The recorded year includes 0.075 precious-metal refinery units, 0.00701 electronics-factory units, 24.1 GWh electricity, 48.3 TJ heating and 59.7 TJ cooling. Chordia et al. (2022), correction Table A, confirms TJ for heating and cooling. The current 48.3 and 59.7 million MJ already include that correction; they require no further factor-of-1,000 change.

Li–S application
The current cell chain allocates 5e−7 factory-year per nominal kWh, or 7.5e−8 factory-year/kg cell at 0.15 kWh/kg. Wickerts et al. supplies the Li–S application context; the archived own note explicitly distinguishes this updated factory dataset from the version used in its published results.
System boundary: The recorded construction allocation, electricity, heating and cooling per factory-year. Cell ingredients, unit manufacturing operations and the complete battery installation remain separate.
Included life cycle stages: Manufacturing
Technology description: Factory infrastructure represented by precious-metal-refinery and electronics-factory proxies, with annual ventilation, utilities and other factory operation. This is an adapted factory-year service rather than measured Li–S manufacturing.
Intended application: Annual factory-operation and construction-allocation service within the stated Li–S engineering model, retaining the selected output share, factory-year unit and corrected utilities.
Use limitations: The 25-year construction-amortization period is a modelling choice; the source’s minimum operating-life statement is not a measured retirement age. The 2 GWh/year output share and whole-site 16 GWh/year scale have different scopes. Capacity utilization, observed production year, exact equipment configuration, supplier equivalence and measured Li–S factory performance remain unestablished. Source impact-result changes from the published correction are not direct inventory emissions or evidence that this adaptation reproduces the article’s results.
Data origins: Literature, Engineering estimate, Proxy

Other fields not yet completed (5)

Data period start year, Data period end year, Valid until year, Multifunctionality applicable, Process type

Publications (3)

Citation: Sanna Wickerts; Rickard Arvidsson; Anders Nordelöf; Magdalena Svanström; Patrik Johansson (2023). Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Stationary Energy Storage. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 11(26), 9553–9563. https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00141
Title: Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Stationary Energy Storage
Doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00141
Url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00141
Source type: Scientific journal
Publication year: 2023
Relation: Supporting source
Authors: Sanna Wickerts · 0000-0002-7833-0849; Rickard Arvidsson · 0000-0002-9258-0641; Anders Nordelöf · 0000-0002-7455-7341; Magdalena Svanström; Patrik Johansson · 0000-0002-9907-117X

Citation: Mudit Chordia; Anders Nordelöf; Linda Ager-Wick Ellingsen (2021). Environmental life cycle implications of upscaling lithium-ion battery production. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 26, 2024–2039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Title: Environmental life cycle implications of upscaling lithium-ion battery production
Doi: 10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Source type: Scientific journal
Publication year: 2021
Relation: Primary source
Authors: Mudit Chordia · 0000-0002-9228-8579; Anders Nordelöf · 0000-0002-7455-7341; Linda Ager-Wick Ellingsen

Citation: Mudit Chordia; Anders Nordelöf; Linda Ager‐Wick Ellingsen (2022). Correction to: Environmental life cycle implications of upscaling lithium‐ion battery production. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 27, 1123–1125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02076-3
Title: Correction to: Environmental life cycle implications of upscaling lithium‐ion battery production
Doi: 10.1007/s11367-022-02076-3
Url: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02076-3
Source type: Scientific journal
Publication year: 2022
Relation: Supporting source
Authors: Mudit Chordia · 0000-0002-9228-8579; Anders Nordelöf; Linda Ager‐Wick Ellingsen

Projects (1)

Name: Wickerts et al. (2023): Li-S stationary-storage LCA
Url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00141
Grant identifier: 50099-1
Relation: Source study

Funding (1)

Organization: Swedish Energy Agency · https://ror.org/0359z7n90
Award identifier: 50099-1
Project: Wickerts et al. (2023): Li-S stationary-storage LCA

Evidence and qualifications (20)

Target field: data_origins
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: source
Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance.

Target field: included_life_cycle_stages
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: name
Qualification: Minimum explicitly named stage(s); no assertion that all upstream/downstream stages of the cited study are present. Manufacturing rejects alone do not create an end-of-life stage.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1021%2Facssuschemeng.3c00141
Source location: DOI registration: title, publication dates and byline
Qualification: Bibliographic details refer to this explicitly cited DOI. Existing citation text is retained, including any additional sources. Publication year does not establish the inventory reference year; publication authors are not assigned as inventory compilers.

Target field: methodology_notes
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02076-3
Source location: Corrected Table A / source S2-10; current CLIC 4338 factory input
Qualification: Five input quantities independently agree after GWh/kWh and TJ/MJ conversion. Preserve all exchanges; do not apply the correction twice. Existing demonstration-stage declaration remains unverified for Li–S-specific deployment.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00141
Source location: Original article byline/affiliations, 2024 published correction and corrected SI
Qualification: Original paper remains 2023; supporting correction is 2024. Four original author ORCIDs are printed in the original paper; Svanström's additional ORCID is verified using her public record and the same five-author correction. Institutional identifiers preserve department labels and distinct employers; no contributor-role changes.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c01782
Source location: 2024 correction; corrected SI S35/S36/S38/S41 and Figure S17
Qualification: A correction exists even though the original registry update query returned none. Its corrected recycling-loop 30/70 primary/recycled lithium accounting is not certified by treatment-node quantity agreement. No blanket factor is applied to chemical manufacture, other chemistries or source result tables.

Target field: methodology_notes
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00141
Source location: Main paper Materials and Methods; SI S2/S3; version-specific comparison artifact
Qualification: Source review: Wickerts et al. (2023), with the 2024 correction and revised supplement, supports this Li-S lineage. This CLIC node declares unit of operating battery factory; it must not inherit the functional unit of the complete study. The source considers six future industrial scenarios: base, material selection, energy system, technical performance, recycling and combined. Its cell study uses 1 kWh theoretical storage capacity; the complete storage system uses 1 MWh AC electricity delivered over 20 years. Background data are ecoinvent 3.7.1 cut-off, with laboratory/literature chemistry upscaled to prospective industrial operation. The paper distinguishes then-current manufacturing readiness MRL 4–5 from assumed MRL 10; neither is a numeric TRL. Production timing is uncertain and described as unlikely before 2030, which does not establish a measured inventory reference year. CLIC supplier substitutions, reconstruction and uncertainty are separate from source assumptions. Source quantity agreement, where available, does not establish supplier/biosphere identity, mass closure or reproduction of published impact results.

Target field: funding
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00141
Source location: Original paper Acknowledgments
Qualification: Swedish Energy Agency grant 50099-1 and the Vinnova competence centre Batteries Sweden (BASE) supported the source study. The source_study relation does not establish funding of CLIC. Do not attach grant 50099-1 to Vinnova/BASE or infer an unprinted Vinnova award; the centre and agency remain separate entities.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Source location: Chordia 2021 SI S2.1.10/Table S2-11 and 2022 correction; retained independent LiS factory-year adaptation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1179. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: Own negative per kg treatment reference has no configured facility throughput, calendar life, annual output or utilization. Stage mass splits, reaction time/temperature, recovery/purity and source 20 year battery-system operation have distinct roles. Retain 2 GWh/year selected cylindrical-cell allocation share and 25-year construction amortization as model assumptions. Source whole-facility 16 GWh/year is a different scope; at-least-25-year operation does not prove exact retirement at 25 year s or measured LiS production. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Source location: Chordia 2021 SI S2.1.10/Table S2-11 and 2022 correction; retained independent LiS factory-year adaptation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1179. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own negative per kg treatment reference has no configured facility throughput, calendar life, annual output or utilization. Stage mass splits, reaction time/temperature, recovery/purity and source 20 year battery-system operation have distinct roles. Retain 2 GWh/year selected cylindrical-cell allocation share and 25-year construction amortization as model assumptions. Source whole-facility 16 GWh/year is a different scope; at-least-25-year operation does not prove exact retirement at 25 year s or measured LiS production. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Source location: Chordia 2021 SI S2.1.10/Table S2-11 and 2022 correction; retained independent LiS factory-year adaptation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1179. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: Own negative per kg treatment reference has no configured facility throughput, calendar life, annual output or utilization. Stage mass splits, reaction time/temperature, recovery/purity and source 20 year battery-system operation have distinct roles. Retain 2 GWh/year selected cylindrical-cell allocation share and 25-year construction amortization as model assumptions. Source whole-facility 16 GWh/year is a different scope; at-least-25-year operation does not prove exact retirement at 25 year s or measured LiS production. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Source location: Chordia 2021 SI S2.1.10/Table S2-11 and 2022 correction; retained independent LiS factory-year adaptation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1179. Annual production volume: 2.000000. Basis: Selected source factory-year model allocates2 GWh/year cylindrical output within16 GWh/year site, with 25 year construction amortization. These are explicit model assumptions, not an inverse coefficient derivation, observed LiS output or guaranteed physical retirement age. Retain 2 GWh/year selected cylindrical-cell allocation share and 25-year construction amortization as model assumptions. Source whole-facility 16 GWh/year is a different scope; at-least-25-year operation does not prove exact retirement at 25 year s or measured LiS production. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Source location: Chordia 2021 SI S2.1.10/Table S2-11 and 2022 correction; retained independent LiS factory-year adaptation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1179. Annual production volume unit: GWh/year. Basis: Selected source factory-year model allocates2 GWh/year cylindrical output within16 GWh/year site, with 25 year construction amortization. These are explicit model assumptions, not an inverse coefficient derivation, observed LiS output or guaranteed physical retirement age. Retain 2 GWh/year selected cylindrical-cell allocation share and 25-year construction amortization as model assumptions. Source whole-facility 16 GWh/year is a different scope; at-least-25-year operation does not prove exact retirement at 25 year s or measured LiS production. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Source location: Chordia 2021 SI S2.1.10/Table S2-11 and 2022 correction; retained independent LiS factory-year adaptation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1179. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Own negative per kg treatment reference has no configured facility throughput, calendar life, annual output or utilization. Stage mass splits, reaction time/temperature, recovery/purity and source 20 year battery-system operation have distinct roles. Retain 2 GWh/year selected cylindrical-cell allocation share and 25-year construction amortization as model assumptions. Source whole-facility 16 GWh/year is a different scope; at-least-25-year operation does not prove exact retirement at 25 year s or measured LiS production. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Source location: Chordia 2021 SI S2.1.10/Table S2-11 and 2022 correction; retained independent LiS factory-year adaptation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1179. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): 25. Basis: Selected source factory-year model allocates2 GWh/year cylindrical output within16 GWh/year site, with 25 year construction amortization. These are explicit model assumptions, not an inverse coefficient derivation, observed LiS output or guaranteed physical retirement age. Retain 2 GWh/year selected cylindrical-cell allocation share and 25-year construction amortization as model assumptions. Source whole-facility 16 GWh/year is a different scope; at-least-25-year operation does not prove exact retirement at 25 year s or measured LiS production. Evidence classification: source parameter and exact reference scope review. Confidence: high for scoped source model values and explicit gaps. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Source location: Chordia 2021 SI S2.1.10/Table S2-11 and 2022 correction; retained independent LiS factory-year adaptation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1179. Commercial maturity stage: Unspecified. Basis: The source factory represents lithium-ion production, while this retained reference is a later LiS application. Neither the commercial source factory nor LiS host labels establish exact demonstration/TRL6 of this adapted factory-year inventory. Leave stage and numerical TRL unspecified. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Source location: Chordia 2021 SI S2.1.10/Table S2-11 and 2022 correction; retained independent LiS factory-year adaptation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1179. Technology readiness level: Unspecified. Basis: The source factory represents lithium-ion production, while this retained reference is a later LiS application. Neither the commercial source factory nor LiS host labels establish exact demonstration/TRL6 of this adapted factory-year inventory. Leave stage and numerical TRL unspecified. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Source location: Chordia 2021 SI S2.1.10/Table S2-11 and 2022 correction; retained independent LiS factory-year adaptation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1179. Technological representativeness: 4. Basis: Retain existing conservative curator technology/geography/time 4/3/4. Permit/engineering source data and shared-facility allocation do not prove measured LiS manufacturing performance or a common operating observation year. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Source location: Chordia 2021 SI S2.1.10/Table S2-11 and 2022 correction; retained independent LiS factory-year adaptation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1179. Geographical representativeness: 3. Basis: Retain existing conservative curator technology/geography/time 4/3/4. Permit/engineering source data and shared-facility allocation do not prove measured LiS manufacturing performance or a common operating observation year. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-021-01976-0
Source location: Chordia 2021 SI S2.1.10/Table S2-11 and 2022 correction; retained independent LiS factory-year adaptation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1179. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Retain existing conservative curator technology/geography/time 4/3/4. Permit/engineering source data and shared-facility allocation do not prove measured LiS manufacturing performance or a common operating observation year. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Technology characterization Scale, utilization, production, lifetime, technology readiness and representativeness.

Commercial maturity stage: Not provided

Design capacity: Not provided

Design capacity unit: Not provided

Capacity factor: Not provided

Annual production volume: 2

Annual production volume unit: GWh/year

Annual production volume year: Not provided

Plant lifetime: 25 years

Technology readiness level Not assessed

Technological representativeness

Geographical representativeness

Temporal representativeness

Missing exchange uncertainty generation: Requested

Representativeness scores use a 1–5 scale when provided. Lower scores indicate a closer fit to the modeled technology, geography, or time period.

Inventory & impacts 6 exchanges · exchange table, supply-chain graph and environmental screening.

Precalculated screening profile

Environmental impacts

Results per unit, using UVEK 2025 and the ecoinvent 3.10 biosphere. Exchange rows are shaded from green to red by relative contribution to the selected indicator.

Exchange impact indicator (EF v3.1)

Climate change 1.1831e+07 kg CO2-Eq / unit

Screening result

This screening result uses Brightpath mappings from the source background to UVEK 2025; mapped suppliers are not claims of scientific equivalence.

Show all 16 indicator totals

Acidification 24602.4 mol H+-Eq / unit

Climate change 1.1831e+07 kg CO2-Eq / unit

Freshwater ecotoxicity 3.9340e+07 CTUe / unit

Freshwater eutrophication 5085.11 kg P-Eq / unit

Marine eutrophication 5701.79 kg N-Eq / unit

Terrestrial eutrophication 59730.4 mol N-Eq / unit

Human toxicity, cancer 0.00832577 CTUh / unit

Human toxicity, non-cancer 0.174979 CTUh / unit

Ionising radiation 1.8139e+07 kBq U235-Eq / unit

Land use 6.0766e+07 dimensionless / unit

Ozone depletion 0.528594 kg CFC-11-Eq / unit

Particulate matter 0.251776 disease incidence / unit

Photochemical ozone formation 22025.9 kg NMVOC-Eq / unit

Resource use, fossils 3.1219e+08 MJ, net calorific value / unit

Resource use, minerals and metals 88.3231 kg Sb-Eq / unit

Water use 2.1292e+07 m3 world Eq deprived / unit

Calculation details

Profile uvek-2025-ef-v3-1-4e70d56a85b1 · artifact 4e70d56a85b1 · calculated 2026-11-03 09:05 UTC. These screening results do not replace a reviewed comparative LCA.

Reference flow 1 row Reference production exchanges extracted from the uploaded inventory.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
factory construction and operation, for LiS battery GLO	operating battery factory	1	unit	-	Reference flow

Technosphere inputs 5 rows Linked foreground or background product inputs used by this dataset.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
market for precious metal refinery GLO	precious metal refinery	0.07	unit	-	67432.1 kg CO2-Eq / unit 0.6% of total BAFU:2025
market for electronic component factory GLO	electronic component factory	7.01e-03	unit	-	1.7567e+06 kg CO2-Eq / unit 14.8% of total BAFU:2025
market group for electricity, medium voltage Europe without Switzerland	electricity, medium voltage	2.41e+07	kilowatt hour	Metadata (1) Comment Multiplied by 10e6 to convert from gwh to kwh	2.1589e+06 kg CO2-Eq / unit 18.2% of total BAFU:2025
market for heat, district or industrial, natural gas RoW	heat, district or industrial, natural gas	4.83e+07	megajoule	Metadata (1) Comment Multiplied by 10e6 to convert from TJ to MJ. Location changed from GLO to RoW	4.3377e+06 kg CO2-Eq / unit 36.7% of total BAFU:2025
market for cooling energy GLO	cooling energy	5.97e+07	megajoule	Metadata (1) Comment Multiplied by 10e6 to convert from TJ to MJ	3.5101e+06 kg CO2-Eq / unit 29.7% of total BAFU:2025

Parameters 0 source definitions · values, formulas and uncertainty.

Read-only definitions preserved with this inventory version. Values are supplied by the source; CLIC does not evaluate formulas or recalculate exchange amounts and impact scores from them.

No parameter definitions were supplied with this inventory snapshot.

Versions & changes 1 version · change rationale, release notes and comparisons.

Oldest to newest. Arrows show recorded revision links; each node describes the change introduced by that version.

Version 1.0.0
Published 2026-07-15

First published inventory; no earlier version is available for comparison.
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Version	Published	Reason for this version	Link
Version 1.0.0	2026-07-15	First published inventory; no earlier version is available for comparison.	Current view

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Public review record Curator-led bulk import. Public evidence is shown without participant accounts, assignments, recommendations, or private editor notes. Show review Hide review

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factory construction and operation, for LiS battery

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