lithium hydroxide production, battery grade

Metadata & sources Methods, scope, reference years, publications, contributors, projects and funding.

Scientific journal publication

Jarod C. Kelly; Michael Wang; Qiang Dai; Olumide Winjobi (2021). Energy, greenhouse gas, and water life cycle analysis of lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide monohydrate from brine and ore resources and their use in lithium ion battery cathodes and lithium ion batteries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762

Background database: ecoinvent / 3.8
Background system model: cut-off
Biosphere database: ecoinvent / 3.8

These are the stored source profiles for this version. Foreground methodology is recorded in Scientific metadata.

External references

Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106611
Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762

Declarations describe this version's foreground inventory. Missing information is not evidence of a particular allocation method or data origin.

Source publication year: 2021
Inventory reference year: Not specified
Foreground modelling approach: Not specified
Allocated product inventory: Not specified
Allocation or multifunctionality treatment: Not specified
Inventory contributions: Not specified
Methodology notes: Source roles and blend
The CLIC capacity-weighted blend uses 88,100, 12,000, 40,000, 5,000 and 8,000 t carbonate capacity/output, totalling 153,100 t. It combines three historical outputs and two planned operations; it is not a global observed market or a market LCI published by Schenker (2022). Kelly (2021) supplies separate hydroxide-conversion and maritime assumptions: Table S2 gives 15,930 km for carbonate and 16,170 km for hydroxide, while CLIC rounds to 16,000 km or 16 tkm/kg. A single measured/reference year is not established. The supplementary Zenodo record declares publication in 2022 but was deposited in 2023; deposit date is distinct from publication or inventory measurement.

Current corrected conversion
Kelly Table 3 specifies CaO rather than precipitated CaCO3. The published current recipe already retains 1.15 kg quicklime and 1.05 kg carbonate/kg product, 5 MJ electricity, 3 MJ diesel, 21 MJ gas heat and 0.0005 m³ consumptive water. The earlier carbonate-provider substitution is not restored. This targeted repair and the explicit monohydrate reference do not establish a complete slurry, excess-lime, recovery, CaCO3-residue or treatment ledger; no byproduct sale credit or fabricated waste follows.

Exclusive particulate fractions
Kelly defines cumulative PM10 as particles at or below 10 µm. Table 3 reports 100 g PM10 and 50 g PM2.5 per tonne LiOH·H2O. Exclusive coarse dust is (100 − 50)/1,000,000 = 0.00005 kg/kg, alongside 0.00005 kg fine particles. The prior CaO correction and combustion factors are retained.

Archived product reference
The declared product label is “lithium hydroxide, battery grade” (kilogram). The declared reference and profiles are retained. Unchanged exchanges retain their archived uncertainty; changed exchanges follow the stated bounded correction.
System boundary: The recorded monohydrate conversion, selected carbonate blend, quicklime, utilities, consumptive water and direct coarse/fine particulate flows. Additional market shipping, all consumer hydration conversions and a complete reaction-residue treatment model are separate.
Included life cycle stages: Manufacturing
Technology description: Carbonate-to-lithium-hydroxide-monohydrate conversion using quicklime, source utilities and exclusive coarse/fine particulate fractions.
Intended application: LiOH·H2O production modelling with the preserved quicklime correction and explicit hydration, source mix, utility and exclusive-particle conventions.
Use limitations: Evidence and reference scope
Numeric agreement does not validate supplier substitutions, regional mappings, compartments, uncertainty, commercial grades or collapsed process steps. Published-main Schenker access remained limited in the recorded review; a preprint is context and publisher/author-archive supplements are byte-identical. No formal erratum was located in scoped checks, which does not prove absence. The 2025 global brine model is a distinct revision/study rather than an automatic correction to these recipes.

Hydration and chemical grade
The generic CLIC hydroxide reference does not specify hydration. All consumers must be checked before interpreting one kilogram as anhydrous LiOH. Exact quicklime grade/provider and full residue recovery/treatment remain unverified; the table is not a complete elemental or waste ledger.
Data origins: Literature

Other fields not yet completed (5)

Data period start year, Data period end year, Valid until year, Multifunctionality applicable, Process type

Publications (3)

Citation: Vanessa Schenker; Christopher Oberschelp; Stephan Pfister (2022). Regionalized life cycle assessment of present and future lithium production for Li-ion batteries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106611
Title: Regionalized life cycle assessment of present and future lithium production for Li-ion batteries
Doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106611
Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106611
Source type: Scientific journal
Publication year: 2022
Relation: Supporting source
Authors: Vanessa Schenker · 0000-0003-0825-8535; Christopher Oberschelp; Stephan Pfister

Citation: Jarod C. Kelly; Michael Wang; Qiang Dai; Olumide Winjobi (2021). Energy, greenhouse gas, and water life cycle analysis of lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide monohydrate from brine and ore resources and their use in lithium ion battery cathodes and lithium ion batteries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Title: Energy, greenhouse gas, and water life cycle analysis of lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide monohydrate from brine and ore resources and their use in lithium ion battery cathodes and lithium ion batteries
Doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source type: Scientific journal
Publication year: 2021
Relation: Primary source
Authors: Jarod C. Kelly · 0000-0002-7804-6506; Michael Wang; Qiang Dai; Olumide Winjobi · 0000-0001-6251-0450

Citation: Schenker, Oberschelp and Pfister. (2022). Published lithium study supplementary data. Zenodo, record 8228815. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8228815
Title: Regionalized life cycle assessment of present and future lithium production for Li-ion batteries
Doi: 10.5281/zenodo.8228815
Url: https://zenodo.org/records/8228815
Source type: Data repository
Publication year: 2022
Relation: Supporting source
Authors: Vanessa Schenker · 0000-0003-0825-8535; Christopher Oberschelp; Stephan Pfister

Projects (1)

Name: Kelly et al. (2021) lithium production source study
Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Relation: Source study

Funding (1)

Organization: Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile (SQM) · https://ror.org/004s7v560
Project: Kelly et al. (2021) lithium production source study

Evidence and qualifications (19)

Target field: data_origins
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: source
Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance.

Target field: included_life_cycle_stages
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: name
Qualification: Minimum explicitly named stage(s); no assertion that all upstream/downstream stages of the cited study are present. Manufacturing rejects alone do not create an end-of-life stage.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106611
Source location: Published supplement byline/native workbook, DOI deposits, Kelly original byline and author Zenodo
Qualification: Distinguish Schenker2022 process ancestry, Kelly2021 hydroxide/shipping assumptions, CLIC-added markets, and2023 archive deposit of declared2022 supplementary data. Article authors are not assigned as inventory contributors.

Target field: methodology_notes
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Kelly main Table3/SI TableS2; exact CLIC supplier shares; Schenker preprint Table1 context
Qualification: CLIC-added capacity-weighted blend based on88100,12000,40000,5000 and8000t carbonate capacity/output (total153100t), combining three historical outputs with two planned operations. It is not a global observed market or a market LCI published in Schenker2022. Kelly2021 supplies separate hydroxide-conversion and shipping assumptions; TableS2 distances are15930km carbonate and16170km hydroxide, while CLIC rounds maritime delivery to16000km=16tkm/kg. A single measurement/reference year is not established.

Target field: funding
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Original paper acknowledgments
Qualification: SQM explicitly funded Kelly's source study and supplied operational data; this is not an Argonne employer affiliation, grant identifier, Schenker-study funding or CLIC inventory-development funding.

Target field: use_limitations
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Published inventories, source access receipts and scoped correction searches
Qualification: Partial source comparison: numeric agreement does not validate supplier substitutions, country-to-subregional mappings, compartments or uncertainty after collapsed steps. Source commercial grades, mass-balance/land-area conventions and unbound flows remain qualified. Schenker published-main access returned429/403; its preprint is contextual, while publisher and author-archive SI files are byte-identical. No formal erratum located in scoped searches, not proof of absence; later2025 global brine model is a separate revision/study, not an automatic correction. Kelly's product is lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH.H2O), while CLIC's generic hydroxide reference does not identify hydration. Do not treat its1kg reference as1kg anhydrous LiOH without checking all consumers. Table3 uses1.15kg CaO/kg product; superseded2149 used calcium carbonate but published4906 already corrects this to quicklime. Preserve the current correction; exact provider/grade remains unverified. Source PM10 may include PM2.5; CLIC's exclusive coarse+fine mapping requires producer/GREET convention verification.

Target field: methodology_notes
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: Manifest-verified prior correction/source/migration decisions and exact archive guards
Source location: Historical preservation register P013/P014 or scoped H-series review; original encoding and approval boundaries retained
Qualification: Manifest-verified historical decision NB-BOUNDED-2149. Preserve the identified prior repair and its source/profile qualifications. Exact agreement is not blanket approval of every other amount, provider, uncertainty or future version. Original decision rationale: Compose only the source-verified corrections recorded in audit ordinals 155; preserve the remaining curated model, original paired profiles and published history. Original qualification: The individual cited source/proxy and engineering limitations remain binding. No complete-model replacement, performance change, new recovery credit or blanket background migration is authorized. Specific prior repair evidence: Independently retrieved/rendered original Kelly2021 p4 Table 3, which specifies CaO, not precipitated CaCO3, for LiOH.H2O manufacture. Current 1.15kg quicklime and 1.05kg carbonate, 5MJ electricity, 3MJ diesel, 21MJ gas heat and 0.0005m3 consumptive water/kg match the source conversions. Preserve the explicit monohydrate basis. The source table is not a complete reaction-slurry, excess-lime, recovery, CaCO3 residue or treatment ledger; no byproduct sales credit or fabricated waste quantity follows from the targeted correction.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Commercial maturity stage: mature_commercial. Basis: Retain mature-commercial/TRL9as a qualified curator assessment of established underlying graphite/mining/refining or lithium material/supply route classes. The source does not assign a literal TRL9to every exact retained supplier recipe, market blend, purity or hydration grade; this is not an independent current deployment audit. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Technology readiness level: 9. Basis: Retain mature-commercial/TRL9as a qualified curator assessment of established underlying graphite/mining/refining or lithium material/supply route classes. The source does not assign a literal TRL9to every exact retained supplier recipe, market blend, purity or hydration grade; this is not an independent current deployment audit. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Technological representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator source-specific score3for industrial natural-graphite or transferred lithium conversion data with current recipe/provider gaps; score4for indicative generalized synthetic graphite or mixed market models. Source authorquality rubric is recorded separately; current omissions and supplier substitutions are not certified away. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Geographical representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator2for Chinese source industrial natural graphite retained in a country-labelled model with provider transfers; at least3for generic synthetic/lithium transfers or mixed markets. Keep existing marketproxy4. Author geographic correlation1does not prove complete current supplier/factory-population coverage. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762
Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Curator historical/mixed score4for source data with incomplete common measurement period, older public-process assumptions or planned/output mix.2021/2022publication and natural-source post2010validity rubric do not establish current inventory or annual-production year. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Technology characterization Scale, utilization, production, lifetime, technology readiness and representativeness.

Commercial maturity stage: Mature commercial

Design capacity: Not provided

Design capacity unit: Not provided

Capacity factor: Not provided

Annual production volume: Not provided

Annual production volume unit: Not provided

Annual production volume year: Not provided

Plant lifetime: Not provided

Technology readiness level

Technological representativeness

Geographical representativeness

Temporal representativeness

Missing exchange uncertainty generation: Not requested

Representativeness scores use a 1–5 scale when provided. Lower scores indicate a closer fit to the modeled technology, geography, or time period.

Inventory & impacts 13 exchanges · exchange table, supply-chain graph and environmental screening.

Precalculated screening profile

Environmental impacts

Results per kilogram, using UVEK 2025 and the ecoinvent 3.10 biosphere. Exchange rows are shaded from green to red by relative contribution to the selected indicator.

Exchange impact indicator (EF v3.1)

Climate change 433.402 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram

Screening result

This screening result uses Brightpath mappings from the source background to UVEK 2025; mapped suppliers are not claims of scientific equivalence.

Show all 16 indicator totals

Acidification 1.75697 mol H+-Eq / kilogram

Climate change 433.402 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram

Freshwater ecotoxicity 1878.83 CTUe / kilogram

Freshwater eutrophication 0.291509 kg P-Eq / kilogram

Marine eutrophication 0.365659 kg N-Eq / kilogram

Terrestrial eutrophication 3.38986 mol N-Eq / kilogram

Human toxicity, cancer 3.0254e-07 CTUh / kilogram

Human toxicity, non-cancer 9.9540e-06 CTUh / kilogram

Ionising radiation 142.723 kBq U235-Eq / kilogram

Land use 1826.3 dimensionless / kilogram

Ozone depletion 7.6359e-06 kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram

Particulate matter 1.0670e-05 disease incidence / kilogram

Photochemical ozone formation 1.05875 kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram

Resource use, fossils 6598.83 MJ, net calorific value / kilogram

Resource use, minerals and metals 0.00628095 kg Sb-Eq / kilogram

Water use 7624.12 m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram

Calculation details

Profile uvek-2025-ef-v3-1-4e70d56a85b1 · artifact 4e70d56a85b1 · calculated 2026-11-09 12:49 UTC. These screening results do not replace a reviewed comparative LCA.

Reference flow 1 row Reference production exchanges extracted from the uploaded inventory.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
lithium hydroxide production, battery grade GLO	lithium hydroxide, battery grade	1	kilogram	-	Reference flow

Emissions 2 rows Elementary flows emitted from the dataset to the environment.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um	air	5.00e-05	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Further-reviewed proposed correction: Kelly2021 explicitly defines cumulative PM10<=10um; Table3 has100g PM10and50g PM2.5pertonne LiOH.H2O. Exclusive coarse=(100-50)/1e6kg/kg. Keep fine dust and prior CaO correction; no combustion-factor change.	0 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.0% of total EF biosphere factor
Particulates, < 2.5 um	air	5.00e-05	kilogram	-	0 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.0% of total EF biosphere factor

Technosphere inputs 9 rows Linked foreground or background product inputs used by this dataset.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
lithium carbonate production, from salar de atacama CL	lithium carbonate, battery grade	0.6	kilogram	-	267.034 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 61.6% of total CLIC v1.0.1
lithium carbonate production, from salar de olaroz AR	lithium carbonate, battery grade	0.08	kilogram	-	25.1447 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 5.8% of total CLIC v1.0.1
lithium carbonate production, from salar de cauchari-olaroz AR	lithium carbonate, battery grade	0.27	kilogram	-	107.496 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 24.8% of total CLIC v1.0.1
lithium carbonate production, from salar del hombre muerto AR	lithium carbonate, battery grade	0.03	kilogram	-	10.7596 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 2.5% of total CLIC v1.0.1
lithium carbonate production, from chaerhan salt lake CN	lithium carbonate, battery grade	0.05	kilogram	-	18.8545 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 4.4% of total CLIC v1.0.1
market for quicklime, milled, packed RoW	quicklime, milled, packed	1.15	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Independently retrieved/rendered original Kelly2021 p4 Table 3, which specifies CaO, not precipitated CaCO3, for LiOH.H2O manufacture. Current 1.15kg quicklime and 1.05kg carbonate, 5MJ electricity, 3MJ diesel, 21MJ gas heat and 0.0005m3 consumptive water/kg match the source conversions. Preserve the explicit monohydrate basis. The source table is not a complete reaction-slurry, excess-lime, recovery, CaCO3 residue or treatment ledger; no byproduct sales credit or fabricated waste quantity follows from the targeted correction. Historical exchange note:	1.34709 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.3% of total BAFU:2025
market group for electricity, medium voltage GLO	electricity, medium voltage	1.39	kilowatt hour	-	0.798401 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.2% of total BAFU:2025
market for diesel, burned in diesel-electric generating set, 18.5kW GLO	diesel, burned in diesel-electric generating set, 18.5kW	3	megajoule	-	0.281976 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.1% of total BAFU:2025
heat production, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW RoW	heat, district or industrial, natural gas	21	megajoule	-	1.68552 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.4% of total BAFU:2025

Natural resources 1 row Elementary flows withdrawn from the environment by this dataset.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
Water, unspecified natural origin	natural resource / in ground	5.00e-04	cubic meter	Metadata (3) Loc -6.907755278982137 Scale 0.5226943987482665 Uncertainty type 2	0 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.0% of total EF biosphere factor

Parameters 0 source definitions · values, formulas and uncertainty.

Read-only definitions preserved with this inventory version. Values are supplied by the source; CLIC does not evaluate formulas or recalculate exchange amounts and impact scores from them.

No parameter definitions were supplied with this inventory snapshot.

Versions & changes 3 versions · change rationale, release notes and comparisons.

Oldest to newest. Arrows show recorded revision links; each node describes the change introduced by that version.

Version 1.0.0
Published 2026-07-15

First published inventory; no earlier version is available for comparison.
Superseded
Version 1.0.1
Published 2026-11-03

Lithium-hydroxide supply now identifies the source chemical form and its material/process reference consistently.
Superseded
Version 1.0.2
Published 2026-11-09

Curator-approved inventory correction; source evidence and assumptions are retained in the dataset metadata.
Published · Viewing · Latest

Show full version history table (3 versions)

Version	Published	Reason for this version	Link
Version 1.0.2	2026-11-09	Curator-approved inventory correction; source evidence and assumptions are retained in the dataset metadata.	Current view
Version 1.0.1 Superseded	Published 2026-11-03	Lithium-hydroxide supply now identifies the source chemical form and its material/process reference consistently.	Open version
Version 1.0.0 Superseded	Published 2026-07-15	First published inventory; no earlier version is available for comparison.	Open version

Back to browse

About this version

Why this version changed

Curator-approved inventory correction; source evidence and assumptions are retained in the dataset metadata.

Changes from version 1.0.1 Compare this version with its predecessor. Exchanges are grouped by type and change; biosphere labels include their environmental compartments. Open the base version. Show changes Hide changes

Why this version changed

Curator-approved inventory correction; source evidence and assumptions are retained in the dataset metadata.

Public revision record

This comparison is permanently visible with the published version so users can assess every detected change before reuse.

Modified exchanges: 2
Added exchanges: 0
Removed exchanges: 0
Inventory metadata: 2
Version metadata: 3

Biosphere exchanges modified 1

Biosphere exchanges modified
Exchange / scope	Field	Previous value	Revised value	Reason
Particulates, > 2.5 um, and < 10um (biosphere / air / kilogram)	Amount	0.0001	5e-05	No explanation was recorded for this change.
	Inventory comment	Not set	Further-reviewed proposed correction: Kelly2021 explicitly defines cumulative PM10<=10um; Table3 has100g PM10and50g PM2.5pertonne LiOH.H2O. Exclusive coarse=(100-50)/1e6kg/kg. Keep fine dust and prior CaO correction; no combustion-factor change.	No explanation was recorded for this change.

Reference flows modified 1

Reference flows modified
Exchange / scope	Field	Previous value	Revised value	Reason
lithium hydroxide production, battery grade (production / GLO / kilogram)	Database	Chaerhan_38	CLIC curated update 2026-11	No explanation was recorded for this change.
	Linked database record	lithium / 7decf695ff0b02ed9a3a2db0d1d04b47	CLIC curated update 2026-11 / clic-471e8165dbd75690a9f6ccb08c9d1a55	No explanation was recorded for this change.

Metadata changes 5

Metadata changes
Exchange / scope	Field	Previous value	Revised value	Reason
Inventory file	Code	7decf695ff0b02ed9a3a2db0d1d04b47	clic-471e8165dbd75690a9f6ccb08c9d1a55	No explanation was recorded for this change.
Inventory file	Database	lithium	CLIC curated update 2026-11
Version metadata	Methodology and allocation explanation	Source roles and blend The CLIC capacity-weighted blend uses 88,100, 12,000, 40,000, 5,000 and 8,000 t carbonate capacity/output, totalling 153,100 t. It combines three historical outputs and two planned operations; it is not a global observed market or a market LCI published by Schenker (2022). Kelly (2021) supplies separate hydroxide-conversion and maritime assumptions: Table S2 gives 15,930 km for carbonate and 16,170 km for hydroxide, while CLIC rounds to 16,000 km or 16 tkm/kg. A single measured/reference year is not established. The supplementary Zenodo record declares publication in 2022 but was deposited in 2023; deposit date is distinct from publication or inventory measurement. Current corrected conversion Kelly Table 3 specifies CaO rather than precipitated CaCO3. The published current recipe already retains 1.15 kg quicklime and 1.05 kg carbonate/kg product, 5 MJ electricity, 3 MJ diesel, 21 MJ gas heat and 0.0005 m³ consumptive water. The earlier carbonate-provider substitution is not restored. This targeted repair and the explicit monohydrate reference do not establish a complete slurry, excess-lime, recovery, CaCO3-residue or treatment ledger; no byproduct sale credit or fabricated waste follows. Particle-size accounting Kelly explicitly defines cumulative PM10 as particles at or below 10 µm. Table 3 reports 100 g PM10 and 50 g PM2.5 per tonne LiOH·H2O. Exclusive coarse dust is therefore (100 − 50)/1,000,000 = 0.00005 kg/kg. The current coarse entry is 0.0001 kg, compared with the calculated exclusive coarse fraction of 0.00005 kg. The current fine fraction is 0.00005 kg; the existing CaO input and combustion factors are separate from this particle-size comparison. Archived product reference The declared product label is “lithium hydroxide, battery grade” (kilogram). Its original reference, quantities, profiles, uncertainty and linked identities are retained.	Source roles and blend The CLIC capacity-weighted blend uses 88,100, 12,000, 40,000, 5,000 and 8,000 t carbonate capacity/output, totalling 153,100 t. It combines three historical outputs and two planned operations; it is not a global observed market or a market LCI published by Schenker (2022). Kelly (2021) supplies separate hydroxide-conversion and maritime assumptions: Table S2 gives 15,930 km for carbonate and 16,170 km for hydroxide, while CLIC rounds to 16,000 km or 16 tkm/kg. A single measured/reference year is not established. The supplementary Zenodo record declares publication in 2022 but was deposited in 2023; deposit date is distinct from publication or inventory measurement. Current corrected conversion Kelly Table 3 specifies CaO rather than precipitated CaCO3. The published current recipe already retains 1.15 kg quicklime and 1.05 kg carbonate/kg product, 5 MJ electricity, 3 MJ diesel, 21 MJ gas heat and 0.0005 m³ consumptive water. The earlier carbonate-provider substitution is not restored. This targeted repair and the explicit monohydrate reference do not establish a complete slurry, excess-lime, recovery, CaCO3-residue or treatment ledger; no byproduct sale credit or fabricated waste follows. Exclusive particulate fractions Kelly defines cumulative PM10 as particles at or below 10 µm. Table 3 reports 100 g PM10 and 50 g PM2.5 per tonne LiOH·H2O. Exclusive coarse dust is (100 − 50)/1,000,000 = 0.00005 kg/kg, alongside 0.00005 kg fine particles. The prior CaO correction and combustion factors are retained. Archived product reference The declared product label is “lithium hydroxide, battery grade” (kilogram). The declared reference and profiles are retained. Unchanged exchanges retain their archived uncertainty; changed exchanges follow the stated bounded correction.
Version metadata	Contributors, publications, projects and supporting evidence	Funding: 1. Project: Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Funding: 1. Project: Name: Kelly et al. (2021) lithium production source study Funding: 1. Project: Acronym: Not set Funding: 1. Project: Relation: source_study Funding: 1. Project: Grant identifier: Not set Funding: 1. Organization: Ror: https://ror.org/004s7v560 Funding: 1. Organization: Url: https://www.sqm.com/ Funding: 1. Organization: Name: Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile (SQM) Funding: 1. Award identifier: Not set Evidence: 1. Origin: source_import Evidence: 1. Target field: data_origins Evidence: 1. Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance. Evidence: 1. Source location: source Evidence: 1. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 2. Origin: source_import Evidence: 2. Target field: included_life_cycle_stages Evidence: 2. Qualification: Minimum explicitly named stage(s); no assertion that all upstream/downstream stages of the cited study are present. Manufacturing rejects alone do not create an end-of-life stage. Evidence: 2. Source location: name Evidence: 2. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 3. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 3. Target field: publications Evidence: 3. Qualification: Distinguish Schenker2022 process ancestry, Kelly2021 hydroxide/shipping assumptions, CLIC-added markets, and2023 archive deposit of declared2022 supplementary data. Article authors are not assigned as inventory contributors. Evidence: 3. Source location: Published supplement byline/native workbook, DOI deposits, Kelly original byline and author Zenodo Evidence: 3. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106611 Evidence: 4. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 4. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 4. Qualification: CLIC-added capacity-weighted blend based on88100,12000,40000,5000 and8000t carbonate capacity/output (total153100t), combining three historical outputs with two planned operations. It is not a global observed market or a market LCI published in Schenker2022. Kelly2021 supplies separate hydroxide-conversion and shipping assumptions; TableS2 distances are15930km carbonate and16170km hydroxide, while CLIC rounds maritime delivery to16000km=16tkm/kg. A single measurement/reference year is not established. Evidence: 4. Source location: Kelly main Table3/SI TableS2; exact CLIC supplier shares; Schenker preprint Table1 context Evidence: 4. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 5. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 5. Target field: funding Evidence: 5. Qualification: SQM explicitly funded Kelly's source study and supplied operational data; this is not an Argonne employer affiliation, grant identifier, Schenker-study funding or CLIC inventory-development funding. Evidence: 5. Source location: Original paper acknowledgments Evidence: 5. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 6. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 6. Target field: use_limitations Evidence: 6. Qualification: Partial source comparison: numeric agreement does not validate supplier substitutions, country-to-subregional mappings, compartments or uncertainty after collapsed steps. Source commercial grades, mass-balance/land-area conventions and unbound flows remain qualified. Schenker published-main access returned429/403; its preprint is contextual, while publisher and author-archive SI files are byte-identical. No formal erratum located in scoped searches, not proof of absence; later2025 global brine model is a separate revision/study, not an automatic correction. Kelly's product is lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH.H2O), while CLIC's generic hydroxide reference does not identify hydration. Do not treat its1kg reference as1kg anhydrous LiOH without checking all consumers. Table3 uses1.15kg CaO/kg product; superseded2149 used calcium carbonate but published4906 already corrects this to quicklime. Preserve the current correction; exact provider/grade remains unverified. Source PM10 may include PM2.5; CLIC's exclusive coarse+fine mapping requires producer/GREET convention verification. Evidence: 6. Source location: Published inventories, source access receipts and scoped correction searches Evidence: 6. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 7. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 7. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 7. Qualification: Manifest-verified historical decision NB-BOUNDED-2149. Preserve the identified prior repair and its source/profile qualifications. Exact agreement is not blanket approval of every other amount, provider, uncertainty or future version. Original decision rationale: Compose only the source-verified corrections recorded in audit ordinals 155; preserve the remaining curated model, original paired profiles and published history. Original qualification: The individual cited source/proxy and engineering limitations remain binding. No complete-model replacement, performance change, new recovery credit or blanket background migration is authorized. Specific prior repair evidence: Independently retrieved/rendered original Kelly2021 p4 Table 3, which specifies CaO, not precipitated CaCO3, for LiOH.H2O manufacture. Current 1.15kg quicklime and 1.05kg carbonate, 5MJ electricity, 3MJ diesel, 21MJ gas heat and 0.0005m3 consumptive water/kg match the source conversions. Preserve the explicit monohydrate basis. The source table is not a complete reaction-slurry, excess-lime, recovery, CaCO3 residue or treatment ledger; no byproduct sales credit or fabricated waste quantity follows from the targeted correction. Evidence: 7. Source location: Historical preservation register P013/P014 or scoped H-series review; original encoding and approval boundaries retained Evidence: 7. Source reference: Manifest-verified prior correction/source/migration decisions and exact archive guards Evidence: 8. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 8. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 8. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2149. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 8. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 8. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 9. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 9. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 9. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2149. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 9. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 9. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 10. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 10. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 10. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2149. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 10. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 10. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 11. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 11. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 11. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2149. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 11. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 11. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 12. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 12. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 12. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2149. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 12. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 12. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 13. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 13. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 13. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2149. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 13. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 13. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 14. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 14. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 14. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2149. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 14. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 14. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 15. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 15. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 15. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2149. Commercial maturity stage: mature_commercial. Basis: Retain mature-commercial/TRL9as a qualified curator assessment of established underlying graphite/mining/refining or lithium material/supply route classes. The source does not assign a literal TRL9to every exact retained supplier recipe, market blend, purity or hydration grade; this is not an independent current deployment audit. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 15. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record Evidence: 15. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 16. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 16. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 16. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2149. Technology readiness level: 9. Basis: Retain mature-commercial/TRL9as a qualified curator assessment of established underlying graphite/mining/refining or lithium material/supply route classes. The source does not assign a literal TRL9to every exact retained supplier recipe, market blend, purity or hydration grade; this is not an independent current deployment audit. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 16. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record Evidence: 16. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 17. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 17. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 17. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2149. Technological representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator source-specific score3for industrial natural-graphite or transferred lithium conversion data with current recipe/provider gaps; score4for indicative generalized synthetic graphite or mixed market models. Source authorquality rubric is recorded separately; current omissions and supplier substitutions are not certified away. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 17. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record Evidence: 17. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 18. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 18. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 18. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2149. Geographical representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator2for Chinese source industrial natural graphite retained in a country-labelled model with provider transfers; at least3for generic synthetic/lithium transfers or mixed markets. Keep existing marketproxy4. Author geographic correlation1does not prove complete current supplier/factory-population coverage. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 18. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record Evidence: 18. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 19. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 19. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 19. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2149. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Curator historical/mixed score4for source data with incomplete common measurement period, older public-process assumptions or planned/output mix.2021/2022publication and natural-source post2010validity rubric do not establish current inventory or annual-production year. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 19. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record Evidence: 19. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Projects: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Projects: 1. Name: Kelly et al. (2021) lithium production source study Projects: 1. Acronym: Not set Projects: 1. Relation: source_study Projects: 1. Grant identifier: Not set Publications: 1. Doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106611 Publications: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106611 Publications: 1. Title: Regionalized life cycle assessment of present and future lithium production for Li-ion batteries Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Vanessa Schenker Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: 0000-0003-0825-8535 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://ethz.ch/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg9,8093 Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://nccr-catalysis.ch/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Name: National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Christopher Oberschelp Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://ethz.ch/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg9,8093 Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://nccr-catalysis.ch/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Name: National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Stephan Pfister Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://ethz.ch/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg9,8093 Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 1. Citation: Vanessa Schenker; Christopher Oberschelp; Stephan Pfister (2022). Regionalized life cycle assessment of present and future lithium production for Li-ion batteries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106611 Publications: 1. Relation: supporting_source Publications: 1. Source type: scientific_journal Publications: 1. Publication year: 2022 Publications: 2. Doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Publications: 2. Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Publications: 2. Title: Energy, greenhouse gas, and water life cycle analysis of lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide monohydrate from brine and ore resources and their use in lithium ion battery cathodes and lithium ion batteries Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Jarod C. Kelly Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: 0000-0002-7804-6506 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05gvnxz63 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.anl.gov/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Michael Wang Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05gvnxz63 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.anl.gov/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Qiang Dai Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05gvnxz63 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.anl.gov/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Name: Olumide Winjobi Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Orcid: 0000-0001-6251-0450 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05gvnxz63 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.anl.gov/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Name: Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA Publications: 2. Citation: Jarod C. Kelly; Michael Wang; Qiang Dai; Olumide Winjobi (2021). Energy, greenhouse gas, and water life cycle analysis of lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide monohydrate from brine and ore resources and their use in lithium ion battery cathodes and lithium ion batteries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Publications: 2. Relation: primary_source Publications: 2. Source type: scientific_journal Publications: 2. Publication year: 2021 Publications: 3. Doi: 10.5281/zenodo.8228815 Publications: 3. Url: https://zenodo.org/records/8228815 Publications: 3. Title: Regionalized life cycle assessment of present and future lithium production for Li-ion batteries Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Vanessa Schenker Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: 0000-0003-0825-8535 Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://ethz.ch/ Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg9,8093 Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://nccr-catalysis.ch/ Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Name: National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Christopher Oberschelp Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: Not set Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://ethz.ch/ Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg9,8093 Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://nccr-catalysis.ch/ Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Name: National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Stephan Pfister Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: Not set Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://ethz.ch/ Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg9,8093 Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 3. Citation: Schenker, Oberschelp and Pfister. (2022). Published lithium study supplementary data. Zenodo, record 8228815. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8228815 Publications: 3. Relation: supporting_source Publications: 3. Source type: data_repository Publications: 3. Publication year: 2022	Funding: 1. Project: Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Funding: 1. Project: Name: Kelly et al. (2021) lithium production source study Funding: 1. Project: Acronym: Not set Funding: 1. Project: Relation: source_study Funding: 1. Project: Grant identifier: Not set Funding: 1. Organization: Ror: https://ror.org/004s7v560 Funding: 1. Organization: Url: https://www.sqm.com/ Funding: 1. Organization: Name: Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile (SQM) Funding: 1. Award identifier: Not set Evidence: 1. Origin: source_import Evidence: 1. Target field: data_origins Evidence: 1. Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance. Evidence: 1. Source location: source Evidence: 1. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 2. Origin: source_import Evidence: 2. Target field: included_life_cycle_stages Evidence: 2. Qualification: Minimum explicitly named stage(s); no assertion that all upstream/downstream stages of the cited study are present. Manufacturing rejects alone do not create an end-of-life stage. Evidence: 2. Source location: name Evidence: 2. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 3. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 3. Target field: publications Evidence: 3. Qualification: Distinguish Schenker2022 process ancestry, Kelly2021 hydroxide/shipping assumptions, CLIC-added markets, and2023 archive deposit of declared2022 supplementary data. Article authors are not assigned as inventory contributors. Evidence: 3. Source location: Published supplement byline/native workbook, DOI deposits, Kelly original byline and author Zenodo Evidence: 3. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106611 Evidence: 4. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 4. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 4. Qualification: CLIC-added capacity-weighted blend based on88100,12000,40000,5000 and8000t carbonate capacity/output (total153100t), combining three historical outputs with two planned operations. It is not a global observed market or a market LCI published in Schenker2022. Kelly2021 supplies separate hydroxide-conversion and shipping assumptions; TableS2 distances are15930km carbonate and16170km hydroxide, while CLIC rounds maritime delivery to16000km=16tkm/kg. A single measurement/reference year is not established. Evidence: 4. Source location: Kelly main Table3/SI TableS2; exact CLIC supplier shares; Schenker preprint Table1 context Evidence: 4. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 5. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 5. Target field: funding Evidence: 5. Qualification: SQM explicitly funded Kelly's source study and supplied operational data; this is not an Argonne employer affiliation, grant identifier, Schenker-study funding or CLIC inventory-development funding. Evidence: 5. Source location: Original paper acknowledgments Evidence: 5. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 6. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 6. Target field: use_limitations Evidence: 6. Qualification: Partial source comparison: numeric agreement does not validate supplier substitutions, country-to-subregional mappings, compartments or uncertainty after collapsed steps. Source commercial grades, mass-balance/land-area conventions and unbound flows remain qualified. Schenker published-main access returned429/403; its preprint is contextual, while publisher and author-archive SI files are byte-identical. No formal erratum located in scoped searches, not proof of absence; later2025 global brine model is a separate revision/study, not an automatic correction. Kelly's product is lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH.H2O), while CLIC's generic hydroxide reference does not identify hydration. Do not treat its1kg reference as1kg anhydrous LiOH without checking all consumers. Table3 uses1.15kg CaO/kg product; superseded2149 used calcium carbonate but published4906 already corrects this to quicklime. Preserve the current correction; exact provider/grade remains unverified. Source PM10 may include PM2.5; CLIC's exclusive coarse+fine mapping requires producer/GREET convention verification. Evidence: 6. Source location: Published inventories, source access receipts and scoped correction searches Evidence: 6. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 7. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 7. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 7. Qualification: Manifest-verified historical decision NB-BOUNDED-2149. Preserve the identified prior repair and its source/profile qualifications. Exact agreement is not blanket approval of every other amount, provider, uncertainty or future version. Original decision rationale: Compose only the source-verified corrections recorded in audit ordinals 155; preserve the remaining curated model, original paired profiles and published history. Original qualification: The individual cited source/proxy and engineering limitations remain binding. No complete-model replacement, performance change, new recovery credit or blanket background migration is authorized. Specific prior repair evidence: Independently retrieved/rendered original Kelly2021 p4 Table 3, which specifies CaO, not precipitated CaCO3, for LiOH.H2O manufacture. Current 1.15kg quicklime and 1.05kg carbonate, 5MJ electricity, 3MJ diesel, 21MJ gas heat and 0.0005m3 consumptive water/kg match the source conversions. Preserve the explicit monohydrate basis. The source table is not a complete reaction-slurry, excess-lime, recovery, CaCO3 residue or treatment ledger; no byproduct sales credit or fabricated waste quantity follows from the targeted correction. Evidence: 7. Source location: Historical preservation register P013/P014 or scoped H-series review; original encoding and approval boundaries retained Evidence: 7. Source reference: Manifest-verified prior correction/source/migration decisions and exact archive guards Evidence: 8. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 8. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 8. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 8. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 8. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 9. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 9. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 9. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 9. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 9. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 10. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 10. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 10. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 10. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 10. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 11. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 11. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 11. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 11. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 11. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 12. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 12. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 12. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 12. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 12. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 13. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 13. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 13. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 13. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 13. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 14. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 14. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 14. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 14. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope Evidence: 14. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 15. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 15. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 15. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Commercial maturity stage: mature_commercial. Basis: Retain mature-commercial/TRL9as a qualified curator assessment of established underlying graphite/mining/refining or lithium material/supply route classes. The source does not assign a literal TRL9to every exact retained supplier recipe, market blend, purity or hydration grade; this is not an independent current deployment audit. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 15. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record Evidence: 15. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 16. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 16. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 16. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Technology readiness level: 9. Basis: Retain mature-commercial/TRL9as a qualified curator assessment of established underlying graphite/mining/refining or lithium material/supply route classes. The source does not assign a literal TRL9to every exact retained supplier recipe, market blend, purity or hydration grade; this is not an independent current deployment audit. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 16. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record Evidence: 16. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 17. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 17. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 17. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Technological representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator source-specific score3for industrial natural-graphite or transferred lithium conversion data with current recipe/provider gaps; score4for indicative generalized synthetic graphite or mixed market models. Source authorquality rubric is recorded separately; current omissions and supplier substitutions are not certified away. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 17. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record Evidence: 17. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 18. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 18. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 18. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Geographical representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator2for Chinese source industrial natural graphite retained in a country-labelled model with provider transfers; at least3for generic synthetic/lithium transfers or mixed markets. Keep existing marketproxy4. Author geographic correlation1does not prove complete current supplier/factory-population coverage. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 18. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record Evidence: 18. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Evidence: 19. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 19. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 19. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-4906. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Curator historical/mixed score4for source data with incomplete common measurement period, older public-process assumptions or planned/output mix.2021/2022publication and natural-source post2010validity rubric do not establish current inventory or annual-production year. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 19. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record Evidence: 19. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Projects: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Projects: 1. Name: Kelly et al. (2021) lithium production source study Projects: 1. Acronym: Not set Projects: 1. Relation: source_study Projects: 1. Grant identifier: Not set Publications: 1. Doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106611 Publications: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106611 Publications: 1. Title: Regionalized life cycle assessment of present and future lithium production for Li-ion batteries Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Vanessa Schenker Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: 0000-0003-0825-8535 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://ethz.ch/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg9,8093 Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://nccr-catalysis.ch/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Name: National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Christopher Oberschelp Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://ethz.ch/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg9,8093 Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://nccr-catalysis.ch/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Name: National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Stephan Pfister Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://ethz.ch/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg9,8093 Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 1. Citation: Vanessa Schenker; Christopher Oberschelp; Stephan Pfister (2022). Regionalized life cycle assessment of present and future lithium production for Li-ion batteries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106611 Publications: 1. Relation: supporting_source Publications: 1. Source type: scientific_journal Publications: 1. Publication year: 2022 Publications: 2. Doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Publications: 2. Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Publications: 2. Title: Energy, greenhouse gas, and water life cycle analysis of lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide monohydrate from brine and ore resources and their use in lithium ion battery cathodes and lithium ion batteries Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Jarod C. Kelly Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: 0000-0002-7804-6506 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05gvnxz63 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.anl.gov/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Michael Wang Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05gvnxz63 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.anl.gov/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Qiang Dai Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05gvnxz63 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.anl.gov/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Name: Olumide Winjobi Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Orcid: 0000-0001-6251-0450 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05gvnxz63 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.anl.gov/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Name: Systems Assessment Center, Energy Systems Division, Argonne National Laboratory, USA Publications: 2. Citation: Jarod C. Kelly; Michael Wang; Qiang Dai; Olumide Winjobi (2021). Energy, greenhouse gas, and water life cycle analysis of lithium carbonate and lithium hydroxide monohydrate from brine and ore resources and their use in lithium ion battery cathodes and lithium ion batteries. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105762 Publications: 2. Relation: primary_source Publications: 2. Source type: scientific_journal Publications: 2. Publication year: 2021 Publications: 3. Doi: 10.5281/zenodo.8228815 Publications: 3. Url: https://zenodo.org/records/8228815 Publications: 3. Title: Regionalized life cycle assessment of present and future lithium production for Li-ion batteries Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Vanessa Schenker Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: 0000-0003-0825-8535 Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://ethz.ch/ Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg9,8093 Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://nccr-catalysis.ch/ Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Name: National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Christopher Oberschelp Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: Not set Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://ethz.ch/ Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg9,8093 Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://nccr-catalysis.ch/ Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Name: National Centre of Competence in Research (NCCR) Catalysis, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Stephan Pfister Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: Not set Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/05a28rw58 Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://ethz.ch/ Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, John-von-Neumann-Weg9,8093 Zürich, Switzerland Publications: 3. Citation: Schenker, Oberschelp and Pfister. (2022). Published lithium study supplementary data. Zenodo, record 8228815. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8228815 Publications: 3. Relation: supporting_source Publications: 3. Source type: data_repository Publications: 3. Publication year: 2022
Version metadata	Technology description	Carbonate-to-lithium-hydroxide-monohydrate conversion with the retained quicklime input, source utilities and the particle-size accounting documented below.	Carbonate-to-lithium-hydroxide-monohydrate conversion using quicklime, source utilities and exclusive coarse/fine particulate fractions.

Review & discussion Publication provenance, scientific review and community discussion.

Public review record Curator-led bulk import. Public evidence is shown without participant accounts, assignments, recommendations, or private editor notes. Show review Hide review

Publication route

Curator-led bulk import

This inventory was restored from a public CLIC archive. Its original publication route is Curator-led bulk import; private review and workflow records were not transferred.

No public review transcript is available for this version.

Discussion 0 public comments · questions, context and problem reports.

No public comments yet. Start the discussion if you have a question about this inventory.

Report this dataset or version

Use this form to report a problem with this dataset or version. To report an individual public comment, use “Report this comment” beside that comment. To propose better numerical inventory data, use “Suggest an inventory improvement” in the inventory section.

Log in to report content

lithium hydroxide production, battery grade

Overview

Description

Dataset details

Keywords

Source

External references

Scientific metadata

Environmental impacts

Supply-chain graph

Downloads & files

Add to download basket

Version history

Why this version changed

Why this version changed

Public revision record

Curator-led bulk import

Description

Dataset details

Keywords

Source

External references

Scientific metadata

Environmental impacts

Dataset contents

Supply-chain graph

Add to download basket

Version history

Why this version changed

Why this version changed

Public revision record

Curator-led bulk import

Public discussion