Scope, source, release context, and stable identifying information.
Description
The Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) system is divided into two subsystems - a power and an energy sub-system - in accordance with the cell area related to the power and the electrolyte volume related to the energy storage capacity. Remaining components are assigned to the periphery. The considered VRFB system shows a rated power of 1 MW and an energy capacity of 8.3 MWh. The principal battery layout is derived from published literature, majorly a recent publication on stationary VRFB (Minke, C. Techno-ökonomische Modellierung Und Bewertung von Stationären, Vanadium-Redox-Flow-Batterien Im Industriellen Maßstab, 40th ed.; Cuvillier Verlag: Göttingen, 2016). The dimensions of the different parts provided there allow for calculating the battery composition on a mass basis. An 8.3 MWh system requires an electrolyte volume of 194 m3 and, assuming a void volume of 50%, a tank capacity of 300 m3. For a nominal power of 1 MW, two stacks with a total of 155 cells are required. Each stack is composed of a 105 membrane, a bipolar plates, two carbon felt electrodes, two current collector and the two associated gaskets.
Source
Scientific journal publication
Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery, Selina Weber, Jens F. Peters, Manuel Baumann, and Marcel Weil, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2018, 52, 10864−10873, DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Scale, utilization, production, and lifetime data. Missing values remain visible to guide future metadata improvements.
Commercial maturity stage
Early commercial
Design capacity
1
Design capacity unit
MW
Capacity factor
Not provided
Annual production volume
Not provided
Annual production volume unit
Not provided
Annual production volume year
Not provided
Plant lifetime
Not provided
Inventory workspace
Inventory & impacts
Inspect every exchange and its contribution to the selected EF v3.1 indicator.
Precalculated screening profile
Environmental impacts
Results per kilogram, using UVEK 2025 and the ecoinvent 3.10 biosphere. Exchange rows are shaded from green to red by relative contribution to the selected indicator.
Acidification0.13668
mol H+-Eq / kilogram
Climate change124.331
kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
Freshwater ecotoxicity745.733
CTUe / kilogram
Freshwater eutrophication0.00690694
kg P-Eq / kilogram
Photochemical ozone formation0.0925429
kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
Resource use, fossils686.654
MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
Resource use, minerals and metals0.000208028
kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
Water use11.4641
m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
Screening result
This screening result uses Brightpath mappings from the source background to UVEK 2025; mapped suppliers are not claims of scientific equivalence.
Show all 16 indicator totals
Acidification0.13668
mol H+-Eq / kilogram
Climate change124.331
kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
Freshwater ecotoxicity745.733
CTUe / kilogram
Freshwater eutrophication0.00690694
kg P-Eq / kilogram
Marine eutrophication0.0182196
kg N-Eq / kilogram
Terrestrial eutrophication0.188603
mol N-Eq / kilogram
Human toxicity, cancer1.9066e-07
CTUh / kilogram
Human toxicity, non-cancer6.9116e-07
CTUh / kilogram
Ionising radiation8.26865
kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
Land use92.9826
dimensionless / kilogram
Ozone depletion0.00333443
kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
Particulate matter1.2045e-06
disease incidence / kilogram
Photochemical ozone formation0.0925429
kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
Resource use, fossils686.654
MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
Resource use, minerals and metals0.000208028
kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
Water use11.4641
m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
Calculation details
Profile uvek-2025-ef-v3-1-4e70d56a85b1 · artifact
4e70d56a85b1 · calculated
2026-09-30 13:48 UTC. These screening results do not replace a reviewed comparative LCA.
Dataset contents
Reference flows, emissions, technosphere inputs, and natural resources in this published snapshot.
Outputs
Reference flow
1 row
Reference production exchanges extracted from the uploaded inventory.
Exchange
Reference / categories
Amount
Unit
Metadata
Climate change contribution
nafion membrane production
RER
nafion membrane
1
kilogram
-
Reference flow
Emissions
3 rows
Elementary flows emitted from the dataset to the environment.
Exchange
Reference / categories
Amount
Unit
Metadata
Climate change contribution
Sodium chlorate
water
2.36
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
NaCl
0mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
36.016CTUe / kilogram
4.8% of total
0kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0disease incidence / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
EF biosphere factor
Sodium hydroxide
air
1.87
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
NaOH, aqueous solution
0mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
105.539CTUe / kilogram
14.2% of total
0kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0disease incidence / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
EF biosphere factor
Carbon dioxide, fossil
air
0.09
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
CO2
0mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.0888kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0CTUe / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0disease incidence / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
EF biosphere factor
Inputs
Technosphere inputs
13 rows
Linked foreground or background product inputs used by this dataset.
Exchange
Reference / categories
Amount
Unit
Metadata
Climate change contribution
market for tetrafluoroethylene
GLO
tetrafluoroethylene
1.3
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
Tetrafluoroethylene (C2F4)
0.0970391mol H+-Eq / kilogram
71.0% of total
117.475kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
94.5% of total
153.628CTUe / kilogram
20.6% of total
0.00494588kg P-Eq / kilogram
71.6% of total
0.0110043kg N-Eq / kilogram
60.4% of total
0.106977mol N-Eq / kilogram
56.7% of total
1.8419e-07CTUh / kilogram
96.6% of total
4.5464e-07CTUh / kilogram
65.8% of total
5.4028kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
65.3% of total
58.8782dimensionless / kilogram
63.3% of total
0.00333372kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
100.0% of total
8.5573e-07disease incidence / kilogram
71.0% of total
0.0590377kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
63.8% of total
396.266MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
57.7% of total
0.000127921kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
61.5% of total
7.28542m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
63.5% of total
BAFU:2025
market for sulfur trioxide
RER
sulfur trioxide
0.5
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
Sulfur trioxide (SO3)
0.00782999mol H+-Eq / kilogram
5.7% of total
0.179022kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.905721CTUe / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.000117917kg P-Eq / kilogram
1.7% of total
0.000281627kg N-Eq / kilogram
1.5% of total
0.00291069mol N-Eq / kilogram
1.5% of total
2.1352e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.1% of total
3.2054e-09CTUh / kilogram
0.5% of total
0.091496kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
1.1% of total
1.12256dimensionless / kilogram
1.2% of total
9.2508e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
4.7245e-08disease incidence / kilogram
3.9% of total
0.00170285kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
1.8% of total
5.74731MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.8% of total
3.4503e-06kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
1.7% of total
0.143847m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
1.3% of total
BAFU:2025
market for hexafluoroethane
GLO
hexafluoroethane
3.2
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
Hexafluoropropene (C3F6)
0.0196592mol H+-Eq / kilogram
14.4% of total
6.31276kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
5.1% of total
28.2733CTUe / kilogram
3.8% of total
0.000700597kg P-Eq / kilogram
10.1% of total
0.00355323kg N-Eq / kilogram
19.5% of total
0.0439652mol N-Eq / kilogram
23.3% of total
2.3582e-09CTUh / kilogram
1.2% of total
4.0264e-08CTUh / kilogram
5.8% of total
0.579414kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
7.0% of total
6.36336dimensionless / kilogram
6.8% of total
4.1196e-07kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.3601e-07disease incidence / kilogram
19.6% of total
0.0190935kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
20.6% of total
186.238MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
27.1% of total
1.7061e-05kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
8.2% of total
0.783414m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
6.8% of total
BAFU:2025
market for sodium hypochlorite, without water, in 15% solution state
RER
sodium hypochlorite, without water, in 15% solution state
3
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)
0.00652692mol H+-Eq / kilogram
4.8% of total
1.80328kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
1.5% of total
444.595CTUe / kilogram
59.6% of total
0.00123749kg P-Eq / kilogram
17.9% of total
0.00146184kg N-Eq / kilogram
8.0% of total
0.0129715mol N-Eq / kilogram
6.9% of total
2.8302e-09CTUh / kilogram
1.5% of total
1.4535e-07CTUh / kilogram
21.0% of total
1.33999kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
16.2% of total
11.1086dimensionless / kilogram
11.9% of total
6.1021e-08kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
4.8076e-08disease incidence / kilogram
4.0% of total
0.00456671kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
4.9% of total
32.9708MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
4.8% of total
4.2777e-05kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
20.6% of total
1.12051m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
9.8% of total
BAFU:2025
market for sodium hydroxide, without water, in 50% solution state
GLO
sodium hydroxide, without water, in 50% solution state
0.6
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH)
0.00139848mol H+-Eq / kilogram
1.0% of total
0.371946kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.3% of total
2.96657CTUe / kilogram
0.4% of total
0.000331562kg P-Eq / kilogram
4.8% of total
0.000308662kg N-Eq / kilogram
1.7% of total
0.00241501mol N-Eq / kilogram
1.3% of total
7.8439e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.4% of total
4.8099e-08CTUh / kilogram
7.0% of total
0.414623kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
5.0% of total
2.66392dimensionless / kilogram
2.9% of total
1.4574e-08kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
8.8489e-09disease incidence / kilogram
0.7% of total
0.000791146kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.9% of total
7.75291MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
1.1% of total
1.1444e-05kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
5.5% of total
0.210843m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
1.8% of total
BAFU:2025
market for soda ash, dense
GLO
soda ash, dense
0.11
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
Sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
0.000554577mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.4% of total
0.0458057kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.764CTUe / kilogram
0.4% of total
2.5382e-05kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.4% of total
5.5830e-05kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.3% of total
0.00144074mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.8% of total
2.6172e-11CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
6.2835e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.00776587kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.18469dimensionless / kilogram
0.2% of total
3.2096e-10kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
4.8592e-09disease incidence / kilogram
0.4% of total
0.000136077kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.470902MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.1% of total
1.2238e-06kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.6% of total
0.0159871m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.1% of total
BAFU:2025
chemical factory construction, organics
RER
chemical factory, organics
4.00e-10
unit
Metadata (1)
Comment
Infrastructure
0.000272447mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.0386501kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.16672CTUe / kilogram
0.0% of total
6.8268e-05kg P-Eq / kilogram
1.0% of total
3.8172e-05kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.000429253mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
1.5027e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.1% of total
2.4500e-09CTUh / kilogram
0.4% of total
0.0169641kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.415917dimensionless / kilogram
0.4% of total
1.0710e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.1773e-09disease incidence / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.000136281kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.536268MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.1% of total
3.3969e-06kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
1.6% of total
0.0800932m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.7% of total
BAFU:2025
market for heat, district or industrial, natural gas
Europe without Switzerland
heat, district or industrial, natural gas
39.31
megajoule
Metadata (1)
Comment
Process heat
0.00212294mol H+-Eq / kilogram
1.6% of total
3.53036kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
2.8% of total
11.4967CTUe / kilogram
1.5% of total
0.000124501kg P-Eq / kilogram
1.8% of total
0.000868172kg N-Eq / kilogram
4.8% of total
0.00844599mol N-Eq / kilogram
4.5% of total
4.2527e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.2% of total
7.3046e-09CTUh / kilogram
1.1% of total
0.278555kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
3.4% of total
3.06991dimensionless / kilogram
3.3% of total
1.0765e-07kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.3180e-08disease incidence / kilogram
1.1% of total
0.00486004kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
5.3% of total
57.9544MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
8.4% of total
1.1448e-06kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.6% of total
0.826947m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
7.2% of total
BAFU:2025
market for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified
RER
transport, freight, lorry, unspecified
0.87
ton kilometer
-
0.00464236mol H+-Eq / kilogram
3.4% of total
1.08486kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.9% of total
3.0512CTUe / kilogram
0.4% of total
0.000102017kg P-Eq / kilogram
1.5% of total
0.00191679kg N-Eq / kilogram
10.5% of total
0.0198667mol N-Eq / kilogram
10.5% of total
3.6420e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.2% of total
8.2430e-09CTUh / kilogram
1.2% of total
0.208478kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
2.5% of total
9.93326dimensionless / kilogram
10.7% of total
1.2716e-07kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
3.4409e-08disease incidence / kilogram
2.9% of total
0.00669914kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
7.2% of total
15.6385MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
2.3% of total
2.5852e-06kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
1.2% of total
1.25731m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
11.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market for transport, freight train
Europe without Switzerland
transport, freight train
5.22
ton kilometer
-
0.000382337mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.3% of total
0.087331kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.230004CTUe / kilogram
0.0% of total
5.2730e-05kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.8% of total
0.000127116kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.7% of total
0.00127373mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.7% of total
1.0515e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.1% of total
1.1109e-09CTUh / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.085606kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
1.0% of total
1.61461dimensionless / kilogram
1.7% of total
2.1232e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
3.9347e-09disease incidence / kilogram
0.3% of total
0.000406216kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.4% of total
1.68815MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.2% of total
1.9570e-07kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.0494759m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.4% of total
BAFU:2025
treatment of spent solvent mixture, hazardous waste incineration, with energy recovery
Europe without Switzerland
spent solvent mixture
-2.81
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
Organic residue
-0.00239409mol H+-Eq / kilogram
-1.8% of total
-5.53145kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
-4.4% of total
-41.9088CTUe / kilogram
-5.6% of total
-0.000782996kg P-Eq / kilogram
-11.3% of total
-0.00109475kg N-Eq / kilogram
-6.0% of total
-0.00902493mol N-Eq / kilogram
-4.8% of total
-6.4549e-10CTUh / kilogram
-0.3% of total
-1.5739e-08CTUh / kilogram
-2.3% of total
-0.12568kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
-1.5% of total
-1.66836dimensionless / kilogram
-1.8% of total
-1.5227e-08kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-3.8582e-08disease incidence / kilogram
-3.2% of total
-0.00276531kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
-3.0% of total
-8.52939MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
-1.2% of total
-2.9209e-06kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
-1.4% of total
-0.165389m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
-1.4% of total
BAFU:2025
treatment of waste plastic, mixture, municipal incineration
CH
waste plastic, mixture
-0.11
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
Plastic residue
-5.5708e-05mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-0.262134kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
-0.2% of total
-0.516013CTUe / kilogram
-0.1% of total
-5.9312e-07kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-3.3207e-05kg N-Eq / kilogram
-0.2% of total
-0.000283957mol N-Eq / kilogram
-0.2% of total
-2.1775e-11CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
-8.1542e-10CTUh / kilogram
-0.1% of total
-0.000574613kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-0.0136104dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
-1.6039e-10kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-2.4442e-10disease incidence / kilogram
0.0% of total
-7.1367e-05kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
-0.1% of total
-0.0654046MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.0% of total
-9.9781e-09kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-0.00158701m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
treatment of bilge oil, hazardous waste incineration
Europe without Switzerland
bilge oil
-0.38
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
Oily residue
-0.00129892mol H+-Eq / kilogram
-1.0% of total
-0.893189kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
-0.7% of total
-1.4743CTUe / kilogram
-0.2% of total
-1.5805e-05kg P-Eq / kilogram
-0.2% of total
-0.000268255kg N-Eq / kilogram
-1.5% of total
-0.00278439mol N-Eq / kilogram
-1.5% of total
-1.2035e-10CTUh / kilogram
-0.1% of total
-3.5817e-09CTUh / kilogram
-0.5% of total
-0.0307893kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
-0.4% of total
-0.690389dimensionless / kilogram
-0.7% of total
-1.6461e-08kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-1.1136e-08disease incidence / kilogram
-0.9% of total
-0.00205008kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
-2.2% of total
-10.0138MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
-1.5% of total
-2.4043e-07kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
-0.1% of total
-0.142735m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
-1.2% of total
BAFU:2025
Parameters
Read-only definitions preserved with this inventory version. Values are supplied by the source; CLIC does not evaluate formulas or recalculate exchange amounts and impact scores from them.
No parameter definitions were supplied with this inventory snapshot.
Supply-chain graph
Direct technosphere and natural-resource inputs appear on the left; emissions appear on the right.
Current datasetTechnosphere inputsEnvironmental resource inputsEmissions
1 CLIC node
and 15 background boundary nodes shown.
Direct inputs appear to the left of the current dataset, while emissions appear to the right. Hover an arrow to inspect its amount and unit, click a blue supplier node to reveal up to three upstream steps, or click an emissions node to open its biosphere flows, then scroll or drag the canvas to navigate.
Evidence and scrutiny
Quality & review
Assess representativeness and read the public record of the scientific review.
Quality and maturity detailsExpandCollapse
Quality and maturity
TRL scaleHigher is more mature.9: routine commercial deployment8: commercial, but still niche or scaling7: first-commercial or advanced demonstration6: engineering-scale demonstration5: pilot or large prototype4: bench or lab validated3: research-stage conceptTechnology readiness level
123456789
earlymature
1 to 5 scaleLower is better.1: strong market- or operating-data basis2: commercially plausible, but still somewhat specific3: partly representative, with modelling or adaptation bias4: pilot, proxy-based, scaled-up, or prospective5: weak representation of the real technology stateTechnological representativeness
12345
strongweak
1 to 5 scaleLower is better.1: geography matches the claimed scope well2: regionally credible, but broader or less exact3: generic regional or global proxy4: weak proxy or clear geographic mismatch5: geography is effectively unsupportedGeographical representativeness
12345
strongweak
1 to 5 scaleLower is better.1: current for that technology class2: slightly dated, but still good3: dated enough to need caution4: stale, pilot-era, or prospective relative to current practice5: clearly not representative of the current stateTemporal representativeness
12345
strongweak
Missing exchange uncertainty generation:
Not requested
Representativeness scores use a 1–5 scale when provided. Lower scores indicate a closer fit to the modeled technology, geography, or time period.
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