Scope, source, release context, and stable identifying information.
Description
Curator note: This activity represents battery module packaging, Li-ion in GLO; its declared reference amount is 1 kilogram. The original source citation is recorded in the source field. This note was added during metadata curation and introduces no modelling assumptions.
Source
Scientific journal publication
Dai, Q., Kelly, J. C., Gaines, L., & Wang, M. (2019). Life cycle analysis of lithium-ion batteries for automotive applications. Batteries, 5(2), 48. The inventory is modelled according to the publication of Dai et al. (2019), in which a battery pack with gross pack energy of 23.5 kWh made of 140 3.6 V- 46Ah prismatic cells is presented. Cells are made of nicke-manganese-cobalt (NMC111) cathode and a graphite-based anode, liquid electrolyte and a porous plastic separator. Infrastructure is included as well in this dataset as "electronic component factory". Updated by: Eleonora Crenna, EMPA, Switzerland, see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105619
Scale, utilization, production, and lifetime data. Missing values remain visible to guide future metadata improvements.
Commercial maturity stage
Mature commercial
Design capacity
Not provided
Design capacity unit
Not provided
Capacity factor
Not provided
Annual production volume
Not provided
Annual production volume unit
Not provided
Annual production volume year
Not provided
Plant lifetime
Not provided
Changes from version 1.0.0
Automatically detected by comparing the complete inventory snapshots. Exchange row order is ignored;
structured proposal edits preserve their published-row correspondence.
Open the base version.
Show changesHide changes
Public revision record
This comparison is permanently visible with the published version so users can assess every detected change before reuse.
Modified exchanges
0
Added exchanges
0
Removed exchanges
0
Inventory metadata
0
Version metadata
1
Metadata changes
Scope
Field
Previous value
Revised value
Version metadata
Description
This dataset is part of the component-based lithium-ion battery inventories adapted by Crenna et al. (2021) from Dai et al. (2019), where battery packs are modelled from their constituent materials, cells, electronics, and packaging. It represents production of the packaging and housing elements used at battery-module level rather than electrochemically active cell materials.
Curator note: This activity represents battery module packaging, Li-ion in GLO; its declared reference amount is 1 kilogram. The original source citation is recorded in the source field. This note was added during metadata curation and introduces no modelling assumptions.
Inventory workspace
Inventory & impacts
Inspect every exchange and its contribution to the selected EF v3.1 indicator.
Precalculated screening profile
Environmental impacts
Results per kilogram, using UVEK 2025 and the ecoinvent 3.10 biosphere. Exchange rows are shaded from green to red by relative contribution to the selected indicator.
Acidification0.203248
mol H+-Eq / kilogram
Climate change10.6935
kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
Freshwater ecotoxicity65.4071
CTUe / kilogram
Freshwater eutrophication0.0346733
kg P-Eq / kilogram
Photochemical ozone formation0.0622664
kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
Resource use, fossils156.547
MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
Resource use, minerals and metals0.00504999
kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
Water use103.47
m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
Screening result
This screening result uses Brightpath mappings from the source background to UVEK 2025; mapped suppliers are not claims of scientific equivalence.
Show all 16 indicator totals
Acidification0.203248
mol H+-Eq / kilogram
Climate change10.6935
kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
Freshwater ecotoxicity65.4071
CTUe / kilogram
Freshwater eutrophication0.0346733
kg P-Eq / kilogram
Marine eutrophication0.0137998
kg N-Eq / kilogram
Terrestrial eutrophication0.133761
mol N-Eq / kilogram
Human toxicity, cancer1.7201e-08
CTUh / kilogram
Human toxicity, non-cancer8.8146e-07
CTUh / kilogram
Ionising radiation3.77352
kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
Land use79.4245
dimensionless / kilogram
Ozone depletion3.2233e-07
kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
Particulate matter6.2328e-07
disease incidence / kilogram
Photochemical ozone formation0.0622664
kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
Resource use, fossils156.547
MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
Resource use, minerals and metals0.00504999
kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
Water use103.47
m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
Calculation details
Profile uvek-2025-ef-v3-1-4e70d56a85b1 · artifact
4e70d56a85b1 · calculated
2026-09-30 14:21 UTC. These screening results do not replace a reviewed comparative LCA.
Dataset contents
Reference flows, emissions, technosphere inputs, and natural resources in this published snapshot.
Outputs
Reference flow
1 row
Reference production exchanges extracted from the uploaded inventory.
Exchange
Reference / categories
Amount
Unit
Metadata
Climate change contribution
packaging production, for Li-ion battery module
GLO
battery module packaging, Li-ion
1
kilogram
-
Reference flow
Inputs
Technosphere inputs
15 rows
Linked foreground or background product inputs used by this dataset.
Exchange
Reference / categories
Amount
Unit
Metadata
Climate change contribution
market for transport, freight, aircraft, unspecified
GLO
transport, freight, aircraft, unspecified
0.06
ton kilometer
-
0.000157398mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.0463434kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.4% of total
0.0909796CTUe / kilogram
0.1% of total
8.6029e-07kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
6.4850e-05kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.5% of total
0.000700366mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.5% of total
4.3028e-12CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
5.5764e-11CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00110785kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.0507364dimensionless / kilogram
0.1% of total
1.0263e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.3% of total
2.8200e-10disease incidence / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.000252437kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.4% of total
0.600061MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.4% of total
5.4507e-09kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.610286m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.6% of total
BAFU:2025
market for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified
RoW
transport, freight, lorry, unspecified
0.31
ton kilometer
-
0.0013946mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.7% of total
0.334993kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
3.1% of total
0.874988CTUe / kilogram
1.3% of total
3.7824e-05kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.000526372kg N-Eq / kilogram
3.8% of total
0.00562887mol N-Eq / kilogram
4.2% of total
1.3008e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.8% of total
2.9213e-09CTUh / kilogram
0.3% of total
0.0667812kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
1.8% of total
2.57782dimensionless / kilogram
3.2% of total
5.1634e-08kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
16.0% of total
1.1001e-08disease incidence / kilogram
1.8% of total
0.00199054kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
3.2% of total
4.85473MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
3.1% of total
1.1154e-06kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.497035m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.5% of total
BAFU:2025
market group for transport, freight, light commercial vehicle
GLO
transport, freight, light commercial vehicle
9.60e-03
ton kilometer
-
5.7884e-06mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00165477kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00428991CTUe / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.6212e-07kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.1689e-06kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.3258e-05mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
5.9333e-13CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.3073e-11CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.0001935kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00726587dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
5.6584e-11kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
5.0355e-11disease incidence / kilogram
0.0% of total
9.2971e-06kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.024236MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.0% of total
4.2019e-09kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00211033m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market group for transport, freight train
GLO
transport, freight train
0.02
ton kilometer
-
2.8312e-06mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.000409245kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00132937CTUe / kilogram
0.0% of total
4.7800e-08kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.3835e-06kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.4703e-05mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.9958e-13CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.2166e-12CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.000542713kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.0027577dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.9347e-11kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
3.4149e-11disease incidence / kilogram
0.0% of total
4.2667e-06kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.0103914MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.0% of total
4.5314e-10kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.0001681m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market for transport, freight, sea, container ship
GLO
transport, freight, sea, container ship
0.74
ton kilometer
-
0.000401083mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.0117838kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.023419CTUe / kilogram
0.0% of total
5.5746e-07kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.000104134kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.8% of total
0.00115155mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.9% of total
3.2476e-12CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
3.1905e-11CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.000777688kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.0165678dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.4932e-10kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
3.2476e-10disease incidence / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.000306861kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.5% of total
0.150228MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.1% of total
2.1043e-09kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00158521m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market for aluminium, wrought alloy
GLO
aluminium, wrought alloy
0.8
kilogram
-
0.0192396mol H+-Eq / kilogram
9.5% of total
3.96394kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
37.1% of total
11.6943CTUe / kilogram
17.9% of total
0.00104636kg P-Eq / kilogram
3.0% of total
0.00351532kg N-Eq / kilogram
25.5% of total
0.0285587mol N-Eq / kilogram
21.4% of total
4.4847e-09CTUh / kilogram
26.1% of total
7.3830e-08CTUh / kilogram
8.4% of total
2.16076kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
57.3% of total
7.43546dimensionless / kilogram
9.4% of total
6.8713e-08kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
21.3% of total
2.1625e-07disease incidence / kilogram
34.7% of total
0.0105097kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
16.9% of total
60.9952MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
39.0% of total
3.4023e-06kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
27.2322m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
26.3% of total
BAFU:2025
market for sheet rolling, aluminium
GLO
sheet rolling, aluminium
0.44
kilogram
-
0.000520685mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.3% of total
0.192168kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
1.8% of total
0.59762CTUe / kilogram
0.9% of total
7.4083e-05kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.0001115kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.8% of total
0.000946691mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.7% of total
1.3550e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.8% of total
1.6093e-09CTUh / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.116144kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
3.1% of total
0.676593dimensionless / kilogram
0.9% of total
4.8067e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
1.5% of total
4.3212e-09disease incidence / kilogram
0.7% of total
0.000592929kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
1.0% of total
3.51552MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
2.2% of total
1.5527e-07kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.379699m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.4% of total
BAFU:2025
market for impact extrusion of aluminium, 1 stroke
GLO
impact extrusion of aluminium, 1 stroke
0.36
kilogram
-
0.000566329mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.3% of total
0.24784kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
2.3% of total
1.31486CTUe / kilogram
2.0% of total
0.000103959kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.3% of total
0.000205455kg N-Eq / kilogram
1.5% of total
0.00139873mol N-Eq / kilogram
1.0% of total
1.3829e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.8% of total
2.0900e-09CTUh / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.125428kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
3.3% of total
2.58683dimensionless / kilogram
3.3% of total
5.8572e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
1.8% of total
4.1564e-09disease incidence / kilogram
0.7% of total
0.000444433kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.7% of total
3.8851MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
2.5% of total
5.7925e-07kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.253238m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.2% of total
BAFU:2025
market for electronic component, passive, unspecified
GLO
electronic component, passive, unspecified
0.12
kilogram
-
0.156258mol H+-Eq / kilogram
76.9% of total
5.53823kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
51.8% of total
42.2516CTUe / kilogram
64.6% of total
0.0250153kg P-Eq / kilogram
72.1% of total
0.00770458kg N-Eq / kilogram
55.8% of total
0.0776211mol N-Eq / kilogram
58.0% of total
7.7737e-09CTUh / kilogram
45.2% of total
3.9597e-07CTUh / kilogram
44.9% of total
1.22719kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
32.5% of total
57.3584dimensionless / kilogram
72.2% of total
1.7754e-07kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
55.1% of total
3.2915e-07disease incidence / kilogram
52.8% of total
0.0433168kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
69.6% of total
76.5479MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
48.9% of total
0.00494801kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
98.0% of total
73.5318m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
71.1% of total
BAFU:2025
market for copper, anode
GLO
copper, anode
0.05
kilogram
-
0.0236669mol H+-Eq / kilogram
11.6% of total
0.133486kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
1.2% of total
7.53326CTUe / kilogram
11.5% of total
0.00835819kg P-Eq / kilogram
24.1% of total
0.00132936kg N-Eq / kilogram
9.6% of total
0.0150424mol N-Eq / kilogram
11.2% of total
4.2655e-09CTUh / kilogram
24.8% of total
4.0302e-07CTUh / kilogram
45.7% of total
0.0390823kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
1.0% of total
3.28736dimensionless / kilogram
4.1% of total
3.1625e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
1.0% of total
4.4708e-08disease incidence / kilogram
7.2% of total
0.00414349kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
6.7% of total
1.79099MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
1.1% of total
9.5653e-05kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
1.9% of total
0.143048m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.1% of total
BAFU:2025
market for sheet rolling, copper
GLO
sheet rolling, copper
0.05
kilogram
-
0.00010288mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.0203889kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.371249CTUe / kilogram
0.6% of total
1.0153e-05kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.8952e-05kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.000201399mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
1.8553e-10CTUh / kilogram
1.1% of total
6.1467e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.0109297kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.3% of total
0.111133dimensionless / kilogram
0.1% of total
3.9757e-10kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
1.1451e-09disease incidence / kilogram
0.2% of total
7.3726e-05kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.326404MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.2% of total
3.1744e-07kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00637408m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market for extrusion, plastic film
GLO
extrusion, plastic film
0.02
kilogram
-
2.0073e-05mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00716639kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.0206688CTUe / kilogram
0.0% of total
3.4718e-06kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
3.9604e-06kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
3.6881e-05mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
9.7591e-12CTUh / kilogram
0.1% of total
4.5151e-11CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00495362kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.146516dimensionless / kilogram
0.2% of total
1.5894e-10kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.6740e-10disease incidence / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.3490e-05kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.120662MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.1% of total
1.0844e-08kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00399981m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market for polyethylene, high density, granulate
GLO
polyethylene, high density, granulate
0.02
kilogram
-
0.000107208mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.0450994kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.4% of total
0.268693CTUe / kilogram
0.4% of total
2.5091e-06kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.3888e-05kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.000261681mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
6.4581e-12CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.7080e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00162177kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.0186691dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.2652e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.4% of total
1.3488e-09disease incidence / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.000114364kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
1.3951MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.9% of total
6.8154e-08kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.261849m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.3% of total
BAFU:2025
market for glass fibre reinforced plastic, polyamide, injection moulded
5.8061e-09disease incidence / kilogram
0.9% of total
0.000242521kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.4% of total
1.59995MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
1.0% of total
2.3025e-07kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00583434m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market for metal working factory
GLO
metal working factory
4.58e-10
unit
-
0.000389138mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.0454361kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.4% of total
0.234817CTUe / kilogram
0.4% of total
1.2556e-05kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
5.0461e-05kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.4% of total
0.00149613mol N-Eq / kilogram
1.1% of total
4.3725e-11CTUh / kilogram
0.3% of total
9.2614e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.0108813kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.3% of total
5.03982dimensionless / kilogram
6.3% of total
1.3073e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.4% of total
4.5409e-09disease incidence / kilogram
0.7% of total
0.000251527kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.4% of total
0.730166MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.5% of total
4.3273e-07kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.541066m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.5% of total
BAFU:2025
Parameters
Read-only definitions preserved with this inventory version. Values are supplied by the source; CLIC does not evaluate formulas or recalculate exchange amounts and impact scores from them.
No parameter definitions were supplied with this inventory snapshot.
Supply-chain graph
Direct technosphere and natural-resource inputs appear on the left; emissions appear on the right.
Current datasetTechnosphere inputsEnvironmental resource inputsEmissions
1 CLIC node
and 15 background boundary nodes shown.
Direct inputs appear to the left of the current dataset, while emissions appear to the right. Hover an arrow to inspect its amount and unit, click a blue supplier node to reveal up to three upstream steps, or click an emissions node to open its biosphere flows, then scroll or drag the canvas to navigate.
Evidence and scrutiny
Quality & review
Assess representativeness and read the public record of the scientific review.
Quality and maturity detailsExpandCollapse
Quality and maturity
TRL scaleHigher is more mature.9: routine commercial deployment8: commercial, but still niche or scaling7: first-commercial or advanced demonstration6: engineering-scale demonstration5: pilot or large prototype4: bench or lab validated3: research-stage conceptTechnology readiness level
123456789
earlymature
1 to 5 scaleLower is better.1: strong market- or operating-data basis2: commercially plausible, but still somewhat specific3: partly representative, with modelling or adaptation bias4: pilot, proxy-based, scaled-up, or prospective5: weak representation of the real technology stateTechnological representativeness
12345
strongweak
1 to 5 scaleLower is better.1: geography matches the claimed scope well2: regionally credible, but broader or less exact3: generic regional or global proxy4: weak proxy or clear geographic mismatch5: geography is effectively unsupportedGeographical representativeness
12345
strongweak
1 to 5 scaleLower is better.1: current for that technology class2: slightly dated, but still good3: dated enough to need caution4: stale, pilot-era, or prospective relative to current practice5: clearly not representative of the current stateTemporal representativeness
12345
strongweak
Missing exchange uncertainty generation:
Not requested
Representativeness scores use a 1–5 scale when provided. Lower scores indicate a closer fit to the modeled technology, geography, or time period.
Public review record
Curator-led bulk import. Public evidence is shown without participant
accounts, assignments, recommendations, or private editor notes.
Show reviewHide review
Publication route
Curator-led bulk import
This inventory was restored from a public CLIC archive. Its original publication route is Curator-led bulk import; private review and workflow records were not transferred.
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Use this form to report a problem with this dataset or version. To report an individual public comment, use “Report this comment” beside that comment. To propose better numerical inventory data, use “Suggest an inventory improvement” in the inventory section.