process cooling, water, for perovskite

Metadata & sources Methods, scope, reference years, publications, contributors, projects and funding.

Scientific journal publication

Martin Roffeis; Simon Kirner; Jan Christoph Goldschmidt; Bernd Stannowski; Laura Miranda Perez; Christopher Case; Matthias Finkbeiner (2022). New insights into the environmental performance of perovskite-on-silicon tandem solar cells – a life cycle assessment of industrially manufactured modules. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 6(12), 2924–2940. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2se00096b

Background database: ecoinvent / 3.10
Background system model: cut-off
Biosphere database: ecoinvent / 3.10

These are the stored source profiles for this version. Foreground methodology is recorded in Scientific metadata.

External references

Publication DOI: 10.1039/D2SE00096B

Declarations describe this version's foreground inventory. Missing information is not evidence of a particular allocation method or data origin.

Source publication year: 2022
Inventory reference year: Not specified
Foreground modelling approach: Attributional
Allocated product inventory: Not specified
Allocation or multifunctionality treatment: Not specified
Inventory contributions: Not specified
Data period start year: 2018
Data period end year: 2021
Methodology notes: The conditioned-water supply is distinct from the negative used-water bookkeeping node. Water throughput, circulation and treatment requests retain separate model roles; no recirculation rate is inferred.
System boundary: Represented make-up water, conditioning electricity and wastewater service.
Included life cycle stages: Manufacturing
Technology description: The one-m³ reference purchases 1,000 kg treated tap water, electricity and a separate wastewater-treatment service.
Intended application: Reuse within the perovskite-on-silicon model using the stated area, cell, module, electricity or signed utility-service reference and its source/proxy qualifications.
Use limitations: Actual cooling duty, temperature, recirculation, water loss and discharge fate remain unverified.
Data origins: Measurement, Literature

Other fields not yet completed (3)

Valid until year, Multifunctionality applicable, Process type

Publications (2)

Citation: Martin Roffeis; Simon Kirner; Jan Christoph Goldschmidt; Bernd Stannowski; Laura Miranda Perez; Christopher Case; Matthias Finkbeiner (2022). New insights into the environmental performance of perovskite-on-silicon tandem solar cells – a life cycle assessment of industrially manufactured modules. Sustainable Energy & Fuels, 6(12), 2924–2940. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2se00096b
Title: New insights into the environmental performance of perovskite-on-silicon tandem solar cells – a life cycle assessment of industrially manufactured modules
Doi: 10.1039/d2se00096b
Url: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source type: Scientific journal
Publication year: 2022
Relation: Primary source
Authors: Martin Roffeis · 0000-0002-6421-517X; Simon Kirner; Jan Christoph Goldschmidt; Bernd Stannowski; Laura Miranda Perez; Christopher Case; Matthias Finkbeiner

Citation: Martin Roffeis; Simon Kirner; Jan Christoph Goldschmidt; Bernd Stannowski; Laura Miranda Perez; Christopher Case; Matthias Finkbeiner (2022). Correction: New insights into the environmental performance of perovskite-on-silicon tandem solar cells – a life cycle assessment of industrially manufactured modules. Sustainable Energy & Fuels. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2se90051c
Title: Correction: New insights into the environmental performance of perovskite-on-silicon tandem solar cells – a life cycle assessment of industrially manufactured modules
Doi: 10.1039/d2se90051c
Url: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se90051c
Source type: Scientific journal
Publication year: 2022
Relation: Supporting source
Authors: Martin Roffeis; Simon Kirner; Jan Christoph Goldschmidt; Bernd Stannowski; Laura Miranda Perez; Christopher Case; Matthias Finkbeiner

Projects (1)

Name: Demonstration der Produktionstauglichkeit von Perowskit-Silizium Tandemsolarzellen
Acronym: ProTandem
Url: https://edocs.tib.eu/files/e01fb23/1869539990.pdf
Grant identifier: 0324288
Relation: Source study

Funding (1)

Organization: Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie · https://ror.org/02vgg2808
Award identifier: 0324288
Project: Demonstration der Produktionstauglichkeit von Perowskit-Silizium Tandemsolarzellen

Evidence and qualifications (33)

Target field: publications
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: original_doi
Qualification: Publication authors only; legacy inventory authors remain unchanged.

Target field: publications
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: original_citation
Qualification: Publication authors only; legacy inventory authors remain unchanged.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1039%2FD2SE00096B
Source location: registry-records.json: requested_doi=10.1039/d2se00096b, metadata.published.date-parts
Qualification: Publication authors only; legacy inventory authors remain unchanged.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se90051c
Source location: Formal correction: corrected byline and affiliations
Qualification: Publication authors only; legacy inventory authors remain unchanged.

Target field: modelling_approach
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source location: Section 2.1
Qualification: Matching manufacturing model only; ambiguous C02 and use-phase extension excluded.

Target field: modelling_approach
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: original_doi
Qualification: Matching manufacturing model only; ambiguous C02 and use-phase extension excluded.

Target field: projects
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source location: Section 2.2 and Acknowledgements
Qualification: Internal ministry wording conflict resolved using the registry and independent project report.

Target field: projects
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://edocs.tib.eu/files/e01fb23/1869539990.pdf
Source location: Project cover/funding acknowledgement, PDF pp. 1–2
Qualification: Corroborates ProTandem economics-ministry funding. Subgrant suffix B belongs to Fraunhofer and is not assigned to the whole inventory family.

Target field: funding
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source location: Section 2.2 and Acknowledgements
Qualification: Historical study-funding name, not funding of CLIC curation or a current institutional profile.

Target field: funding
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://edocs.tib.eu/files/e01fb23/1869539990.pdf
Source location: Project cover/funding acknowledgement, PDF pp. 1–2
Qualification: Historical study-funding name, not funding of CLIC curation or a current institutional profile.

Target field: funding
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1039%2FD2SE00096B
Source location: registry-records.json: requested_doi=10.1039/D2SE00096B, metadata.funder[0].award[0]
Qualification: Historical study-funding name, not funding of CLIC curation or a current institutional profile.

Target field: data_period_start_year
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source location: Table 1 note a and Section 2.2.1
Qualification: Source foreground data-collection interval; not the age of every upstream input or a representative year.

Target field: data_period_end_year
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source location: Table 1 note a and Section 2.2.1
Qualification: Source foreground data-collection interval; not the age of every upstream input or a representative year.

Target field: data_origins
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source location: Section 2.2.1: site/questionnaire data and literature
Qualification: Combined foreground data sources; not every material input is measured.

Target field: included_life_cycle_stages
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: name
Qualification: Directly represented operation only. Tags are supported inclusions, not a claim that other stages are absent.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://api.ror.org/v2/organizations/03v4gjf40
Source location: Organization identity and registered names
Qualification: Canonical institutional identity only. Preserve historical declared spelling, departments, attribution and funding relationships; identity verification alone does not verify an award or its scope.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://api.ror.org/v2/organizations/02aj13c28
Source location: Organization identity and registered names
Qualification: Canonical institutional identity only. Preserve historical declared spelling, departments, attribution and funding relationships; identity verification alone does not verify an award or its scope.

Target field: funding
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://api.ror.org/v2/organizations/02vgg2808
Source location: Organization identity and registered names
Qualification: Canonical institutional identity only. Preserve historical declared spelling, departments, attribution and funding relationships; identity verification alone does not verify an award or its scope.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1039/D2SE00096B
Source location: Published paper first-page byline and affiliation markers a-e
Qualification: This earlier observation checked the original uncorrected paper byline and affiliation markers a-e. Its attribution of Goldschmidt to Marburg as a study affiliation is superseded by formal correction 10.1039/d2se90051c: Jan Christoph Goldschmidt has study affiliation Fraunhofer ISE, while Philipps-Universität Marburg is a present address. Preserve the other verified source affiliations and inventory-contributor attribution. Oxford PV UK and Oxford PV Germany remain distinct.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1039/d2se90051c
Source location: Formal publisher correction text, corrected Crossref byline/update-to, original Crossmark update link; exact institute ROR
Qualification: Formal correction10.1039/d2se90051c (8August2022) changes Jan Christoph Goldschmidt's name and study affiliation to Fraunhofer ISE; Philipps-Universität Marburg is a present address. The archived CLIC byline already reflects the correction. This plan supersedes its earlier R017 proposal based on the erroneous original manuscript, preserving the correction. No numerical inventory amendment is stated in that notice.

Target field: methodology_notes
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1039/d2se00096b
Source location: Original source model, pinned current/historical compiler comparison and scoped limitations
Qualification: Formal correction10.1039/d2se90051c (8August2022) changes Jan Christoph Goldschmidt's name and study affiliation to Fraunhofer ISE; Philipps-Universität Marburg is a present address. The archived CLIC byline already reflects the correction. This plan supersedes its earlier R017 proposal based on the erroneous original manuscript, preserving the correction. No numerical inventory amendment is stated in that notice. The original study models cradle-to-gate manufacture and calculates lifetime output using assumed German irradiation and performance. Table1 primary-data surveys run July2018–February2021; this is not a universal measured inventory period. Some layer composition/contact formation details were intentionally altered for IP protection. Exact original supplementary inventories remain unrecovered in the recorded attempts. CLIC supplier proxies and later utilities/adaptations are not literal recovered GaBi process inventories.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source location: fields/design_capacity; perovskiteTable1 or GaAsinstallation/model reference and native source notes
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-357. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: Retain known module rating; do not transfer generic source-factory/solar-horizon/filter/pressure labels into own unestablished technical fields. Evidence classification: source model boundary and annual equivalent factor review. Confidence: high for model definition not observed performance. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source location: fields/design_capacity_unit; perovskiteTable1 or GaAsinstallation/model reference and native source notes
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-357. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: Retain known module rating; do not transfer generic source-factory/solar-horizon/filter/pressure labels into own unestablished technical fields. Evidence classification: source model boundary and annual equivalent factor review. Confidence: high for model definition not observed performance. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source location: fields/capacity_factor_percent; perovskiteTable1 or GaAsinstallation/model reference and native source notes
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-357. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: Retain known module rating; do not transfer generic source-factory/solar-horizon/filter/pressure labels into own unestablished technical fields. Evidence classification: source model boundary and annual equivalent factor review. Confidence: high for model definition not observed performance. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source location: fields/annual_production_volume; perovskiteTable1 or GaAsinstallation/model reference and native source notes
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-357. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: Retain known module rating; do not transfer generic source-factory/solar-horizon/filter/pressure labels into own unestablished technical fields. Evidence classification: source model boundary and annual equivalent factor review. Confidence: high for model definition not observed performance. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source location: fields/annual_production_volume_unit; perovskiteTable1 or GaAsinstallation/model reference and native source notes
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-357. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: Retain known module rating; do not transfer generic source-factory/solar-horizon/filter/pressure labels into own unestablished technical fields. Evidence classification: source model boundary and annual equivalent factor review. Confidence: high for model definition not observed performance. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source location: fields/annual_production_volume_year; perovskiteTable1 or GaAsinstallation/model reference and native source notes
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-357. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Retain known module rating; do not transfer generic source-factory/solar-horizon/filter/pressure labels into own unestablished technical fields. Evidence classification: source model boundary and annual equivalent factor review. Confidence: high for model definition not observed performance. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2022/se/d2se00096b
Source location: fields/plant_lifetime_years; perovskiteTable1 or GaAsinstallation/model reference and native source notes
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-357. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: Retain known module rating; do not transfer generic source-factory/solar-horizon/filter/pressure labels into own unestablished technical fields. Evidence classification: source model boundary and annual equivalent factor review. Confidence: high for model definition not observed performance. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1039/d2se00096b
Source location: Primary source methods, perovskiteTable1 survey footnote/model period; GaAs ex-ante methods/industrialization benchmarks; tandem-PV-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-357. Commercial maturity stage: mature_commercial. Basis: Curator assessment of established silicon-wafer, ordinary facility-service or GaAs/organometallic-material supply methods, as applicable. The emerging host tandem device does not make ordinary substrate/material manufacture or plant utilities lab/first-commercial technology. This is not validation of the exact LCI or independent certification of every supplier recipe. Evidence classification: source period and route boundary with curator rating review. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1039/d2se00096b
Source location: Primary source methods, perovskiteTable1 survey footnote/model period; GaAs ex-ante methods/industrialization benchmarks; tandem-PV-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-357. Technology readiness level: 9. Basis: Curator assessment of established silicon-wafer, ordinary facility-service or GaAs/organometallic-material supply methods, as applicable. The emerging host tandem device does not make ordinary substrate/material manufacture or plant utilities lab/first-commercial technology. This is not validation of the exact LCI or independent certification of every supplier recipe. Evidence classification: source period and route boundary with curator rating review. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1039/d2se00096b
Source location: Primary source methods, perovskiteTable1 survey footnote/model period; GaAs ex-ante methods/industrialization benchmarks; tandem-PV-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-357. Technological representativeness: 4. Basis: Curator assessment of an industry-informed composite model: primary volume-line data with confidentiality, design assumptions and secondary wafer/background processes. Generic facility-service transfers warrant4; other current process data remain a qualified3or more conservative score. Evidence classification: source period and route boundary with curator rating review. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1039/d2se00096b
Source location: Primary source methods, perovskiteTable1 survey footnote/model period; GaAs ex-ante methods/industrialization benchmarks; tandem-PV-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-357. Geographical representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator assessment: industrial-line/model context in Germany has explicit secondary supply assumptions; treat tandem-processing locality as qualified2and ordinary imported-wafer/facility proxies as3. It is not a perfect regional production-weighted sample. Evidence classification: source period and route boundary with curator rating review. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1039/d2se00096b
Source location: Primary source methods, perovskiteTable1 survey footnote/model period; GaAs ex-ante methods/industrialization benchmarks; tandem-PV-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-357. Temporal representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator assessment of mixed2018-2021primary survey/model inputs and older secondary data. The 2022publication and 2024first shipment do not date every inventory input. Score3records the dated historical composite window. Evidence classification: source period and route boundary with curator rating review. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Technology characterization Scale, utilization, production, lifetime, technology readiness and representativeness.

Commercial maturity stage: Mature commercial

Design capacity: Not provided

Design capacity unit: Not provided

Capacity factor: Not provided

Annual production volume: Not provided

Annual production volume unit: Not provided

Annual production volume year: Not provided

Plant lifetime: Not provided

Technology readiness level

Technological representativeness

Geographical representativeness

Temporal representativeness

Missing exchange uncertainty generation: Not requested

Representativeness scores use a 1–5 scale when provided. Lower scores indicate a closer fit to the modeled technology, geography, or time period.

Inventory & impacts 4 exchanges · exchange table, supply-chain graph and environmental screening.

Precalculated screening profile

Environmental impacts

Results per cubic meter, using UVEK 2025 and the ecoinvent 3.10 biosphere. Exchange rows are shaded from green to red by relative contribution to the selected indicator.

Exchange impact indicator (EF v3.1)

Climate change -0.137185 kg CO2-Eq / cubic meter

Screening result

This screening result uses Brightpath mappings from the source background to UVEK 2025; mapped suppliers are not claims of scientific equivalence.

Show all 16 indicator totals

Acidification -0.00276052 mol H+-Eq / cubic meter

Climate change -0.137185 kg CO2-Eq / cubic meter

Freshwater ecotoxicity -45.4874 CTUe / cubic meter

Freshwater eutrophication -0.000961414 kg P-Eq / cubic meter

Marine eutrophication -0.0200665 kg N-Eq / cubic meter

Terrestrial eutrophication -0.00751663 mol N-Eq / cubic meter

Human toxicity, cancer -1.2667e-09 CTUh / cubic meter

Human toxicity, non-cancer -3.7340e-08 CTUh / cubic meter

Ionising radiation 0.170045 kBq U235-Eq / cubic meter

Land use 3.4377 dimensionless / cubic meter

Ozone depletion -1.4179e-08 kg CFC-11-Eq / cubic meter

Particulate matter -1.5400e-08 disease incidence / cubic meter

Photochemical ozone formation -0.00100463 kg NMVOC-Eq / cubic meter

Resource use, fossils 0.895043 MJ, net calorific value / cubic meter

Resource use, minerals and metals -1.1491e-06 kg Sb-Eq / cubic meter

Water use 0.0495297 m3 world Eq deprived / cubic meter

Calculation details

Profile uvek-2025-ef-v3-1-4e70d56a85b1 · artifact 4e70d56a85b1 · calculated 2026-11-03 09:04 UTC. These screening results do not replace a reviewed comparative LCA.

Reference flow 1 row Reference production exchanges extracted from the uploaded inventory.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
process cooling, water, for perovskite DE	cooling water, conditioned	1	cubic meter	Metadata (1) Comment X05	Reference flow

Technosphere inputs 3 rows Linked foreground or background product inputs used by this dataset.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
treatment of wastewater, average, wastewater treatment Europe without Switzerland	wastewater, average	-1	cubic meter	Metadata (1) Comment Original activity from GaBi: Municipal waste water treatment (mix)	-0.276066 kg CO2-Eq / cubic meter 201.2% of total BAFU:2025
market group for electricity, medium voltage Europe without Switzerland	electricity, medium voltage	0.05	kilowatt hour	-	0.00412336 kg CO2-Eq / cubic meter -3.0% of total BAFU:2025
tap water production, underground water with chemical treatment Europe without Switzerland	tap water	1000	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Original activity from GaBi: Tap water from groundwater	0.134758 kg CO2-Eq / cubic meter -98.2% of total BAFU:2025

Parameters 0 source definitions · values, formulas and uncertainty.

Read-only definitions preserved with this inventory version. Values are supplied by the source; CLIC does not evaluate formulas or recalculate exchange amounts and impact scores from them.

No parameter definitions were supplied with this inventory snapshot.

Versions & changes 1 version · change rationale, release notes and comparisons.

Oldest to newest. Arrows show recorded revision links; each node describes the change introduced by that version.

Version 1.0.0
Published 2026-07-15

First published inventory; no earlier version is available for comparison.
Published · Viewing · Latest

Show full version history table (1 version)

Version	Published	Reason for this version	Link
Version 1.0.0	2026-07-15	First published inventory; no earlier version is available for comparison.	Current view

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First published inventory; no earlier version is available for comparison.

Review & discussion Publication provenance, scientific review and community discussion.

Public review record Curator-led bulk import. Public evidence is shown without participant accounts, assignments, recommendations, or private editor notes. Show review Hide review

Publication route

Curator-led bulk import

This inventory was restored from a public CLIC archive. Its original publication route is Curator-led bulk import; private review and workflow records were not transferred.

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process cooling, water, for perovskite

Overview

Description

Dataset details

Keywords

Source

External references

Scientific metadata

Environmental impacts

Supply-chain graph

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Version history

About this version

Curator-led bulk import

Description

Dataset details

Keywords

Source

External references

Scientific metadata

Environmental impacts

Dataset contents

Supply-chain graph

Add to download basket

Version history

About this version

Curator-led bulk import

Public discussion