vanadium electrolyte conditioning

Metadata & sources Methods, scope, reference years, publications, contributors, projects and funding.

Unpublished research

Supporting sources:

Martin, J.; Schafner, K.; Turek, T. (2020). Preparation of Electrolyte for Vanadium Redox-Flow Batteries Based on Vanadium Pentoxide. Energy Technology 8, 2000522. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522

Weber, S.; Peters, J. F.; Baumann, M.; Weil, M. (2018). Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. Environmental Science & Technology 52, 10864–10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073

Oxkem Limited (2024). Vanadium Electrolyte (1.6 mol/L) For Vanadium Redox Batteries. Technical data sheet, VOS16, issue 1, 2 August 2024. https://www.oxkem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Vanadium-Electrolyte-TDS-1.6mol.L.pdf

Background database: ecoinvent / 3.9
Background system model: cut-off
Biosphere database: ecoinvent / 3.9

These are the stored source profiles for this version. Foreground methodology is recorded in Scientific metadata.

External references

Not provided.

Declarations describe this version's foreground inventory. Missing information is not evidence of a particular allocation method or data origin.

Source publication year: Not specified
Inventory reference year: Not specified
Foreground modelling approach: Not specified
Allocated product inventory: Not specified
Allocation or multifunctionality treatment: Not specified
Inventory contributions: Not specified
Projects: Not specified
Funding: Not specified
Methodology notes: Nominal formulation
The Oxkem VOS16 reference contains 1.6 mol/L total vanadium, equally divided between V(III) and V(IV), 4.2 mol/L total sulfate and a density of 1.36 kg/L. The model selects 0.05 mol/L H3PO4 from the manufacturer's customer-specific 0.05–0.12 mol/L range. These are specification/model inputs rather than measured Oxkem plant inventories. The technical datasheet is issue 1, dated 2 August 2024; its 2025 URL path is not the issue year.

Preparation and energy
Martin et al. (2020), Equation 5 and Table 6, supplies the elemental-vanadium energy basis: 1.69 kWh/kg elemental V at 50 mA/cm² and 30 °C. This gives 0.10128368823529411 kWh reduction electricity per kilogram of the reference solution. The experiment uses 4 mol/L sulfate; transfer to the 4.2 mol/L target and German electricity are engineering proxies. The conditioning purchase is a service per kilogram of final solution, not an additional kilogram of electrolyte material.

Explicit dilution water
The exact declared acid references supply pure chemical mass and require explicit solvent; the '85% solution state' label does not supply implicit carrier water. Conditioning uses 0.600635955882353 kg make-up water/kg final electrolyte, with 0.10128368823529411 kWh reduction electricity and 0.014116764705882353 kg oxygen release. The water includes the approximately 0.000635774221453 kg phosphate-carrier amount formerly subtracted from the nominal balance. Parent and helper form one coordinated preparation model: precursor amounts, vanadium dose, allocation, freight and declared profiles retain their existing bases. The conditioning reference is a service per kilogram of final solution, not an additional kilogram of electrolyte material.
System boundary: Conditioning service per kilogram of final electrolyte, including the recorded make-up water, reduction electricity and oxygen release. Pure-chemical precursor provision and its delivery belong to the parent electrolyte process; the service reference is not an extra kilogram of material.
Included life cycle stages: Manufacturing
Technology description: Electrochemical conditioning for the selected V(III)/V(IV) electrolyte formulation. Its 4 mol/L sulfate experiment is a proxy for the 4.2 mol/L target; this service is not a measured manufacturer production process.
Intended application: Preparation of the stated nominal vanadium electrolyte in source-qualified flow-battery models, using the coordinated parent/conditioning-service boundary, formulation and declared profiles.
Use limitations: Process completeness
The reduction evidence excludes peripheral loads. Pumping, heating/cooling, catalyst/electrode/membrane wear and factory infrastructure remain unquantified. The formulation and energy calculation do not establish measured industrial performance, supplier/biosphere binding, allocation or complete uncertainty characterization.

Specification and uncertainty
Manufacturer specification limits are not probability distributions. The datasheet's V(IV) percentage bounds are printed in reversed order; they must not be used as a valid uncertainty interval. The selected stabilizer dose, sulfate transfer and electricity geography retain their engineering qualifications.

Water basis and validation scope
Explicit dilution water follows the exact declared 3.9 pure-acid references. Preparation stoichiometry, electricity, oxygen, upstream vanadium allocation and mass-scaled V2O5 freight retain their existing bases. This bounded material-balance correction does not establish complete industrial performance or support an isolated reimplementation of the earlier Weber recipe.

Source lineage and correction scope
Weber et al. (2018) models a hypothetical 1 MW/8.3 MWh vanadium system for 20-year renewables support, with a functional unit of 1 MWh delivered electricity and separate manufacture, use and recycling assumptions. The source uses openLCA 1.6 and ecoinvent 3.3 cutoff; a later May 2022 export targets ecoinvent 3.7.1. Those facts do not replace this record's declared 3.9 profiles or establish its creation software or measurement year.

The authors' version-3 Zenodo record describes a doubled V2O5 quantity corrected in the native electrolyte, while still warning of a remaining dataset error. No formal journal corrigendum was located in the recorded checks. Original and archived supplements have identical extracted text and still print 0.286 kg V2O5 per litre with 1.35 kg electrolyte output; the updated native process uses 0.1455 kg. Per-litre and per-kilogram references require normalization before comparison. The current Oxkem/Martin reconstruction is a different formulation: its vanadium-pentoxide quantity must not be halved again by transferring that historical correction.
Data origins: Literature, Engineering estimate, Proxy

Other fields not yet completed (5)

Data period start year, Data period end year, Valid until year, Multifunctionality applicable, Process type

Publications (3)

Citation: Martin, J.; Schafner, K.; Turek, T. (2020). Preparation of Electrolyte for Vanadium Redox-Flow Batteries Based on Vanadium Pentoxide. Energy Technology 8, 2000522. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Title: Preparation of Electrolyte for Vanadium Redox‐Flow Batteries Based on Vanadium Pentoxide
Doi: 10.1002/ente.202000522
Url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Source type: Scientific journal
Publication year: 2020
Relation: Supporting source
Authors: Jan Martin · 0000-0001-6018-9480; Katharina Schafner; Thomas Turek

Citation: Weber, S.; Peters, J. F.; Baumann, M.; Weil, M. (2018). Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. Environmental Science & Technology 52, 10864–10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Title: Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source type: Scientific journal
Publication year: 2018
Relation: Supporting source
Authors: Selina Weber; Jens F. Peters · 0000-0002-4802-7806; Manuel Baumann · 0000-0002-8374-4624; Marcel Weil · 0000-0003-0151-9990

Citation: Oxkem Limited (2024). Vanadium Electrolyte (1.6 mol/L) For Vanadium Redox Batteries. Technical data sheet, VOS16, issue 1, 2 August 2024. https://www.oxkem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Vanadium-Electrolyte-TDS-1.6mol.L.pdf
Title: Vanadium Electrolyte (1.6 mol/L) For Vanadium Redox Batteries
Url: https://www.oxkem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Vanadium-Electrolyte-TDS-1.6mol.L.pdf
Source type: Industry documentation
Publication year: 2024
Relation: Supporting source
Authors: Oxkem Limited

Evidence and qualifications (22)

Target field: data_origins
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: source
Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance.

Target field: data_origins
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: description
Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance.

Target field: included_life_cycle_stages
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: name
Qualification: Minimum explicitly named stage(s); no assertion that all upstream/downstream stages of the cited study are present. Manufacturing rejects alone do not create an end-of-life stage.

Target field: use_limitations
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: description
Qualification: Copied version-specific scientific qualification; it remains applicable to this exact reconstruction and is not a claim about the source paper.

Target field: methodology_notes
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: source
Qualification: Qualification derived from exact supplied provenance; it does not import a whole-paper method, year or allocation.

Target field: publications
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: source
Qualification: Preparation/conditioning evidence. Historical hardware context only. Existing original_citation/original_doi are preserved; the parent registry owns verified bibliographic enrichment. No primary source is replaced.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: Original paper byline and historical affiliations; DOI deposits; source-study institutional identity records
Qualification: Preserve paper publication years 2025/2018, not DOI submission year 2024 or archive creation year 2024. Historical HIU/KIT and SLU affiliations remain distinct from later repository affiliations or email domains. Article authors are not assigned as inventory contributors. HIPOLE polymer institute remains distinct from the GSI physics institute and has no verified ROR in this review.

Target field: methodology_notes
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://zenodo.org/records/10589869
Source location: Author archive correction/residual-error statement, original/archival SI S8 and native c94ceb7a; CLIC exact-version checks
Qualification: Source review: Weber et al. (2018) models a hypothetical 1 MW/8.3 MWh vanadium system for 20-year renewables support, with a study functional unit of 1 MWh delivered electricity and separate manufacturing, use and recycling assumptions. Source software/background are openLCA1.6 and ecoinvent3.3 cut-off; the later May2022 export targets ecoinvent3.7.1. These are not automatic creation-software/profile or measured-year declarations for CLIC. The authors' v3 Zenodo record reports a doubled V2O5 error corrected in the native electrolyte, but explicitly warns of a remaining dataset error. A formal journal corrigendum was not located; the warning and archival correction statement are retained as evidence, not an error-free replacement reference. The original and archived SI extract to identical text and still print 0.286 kg V2O5 per litre with 1.35 kg electrolyte output; the updated native process uses 0.1455 kg. A per-litre recipe must be normalized before comparison with a per-kg CLIC reference. Current CLIC4469 is a later Oxkem VOS16/Martin formulation at 1.36 kg/L and4.2 mol/L sulfate, not a literal copy of either source version; do not halve its V2O5 again. Manufacturer TDS issue1 is dated2 August2024 despite its2025 URL. The 1.6 mol/L total-V formulation, equimolar V(III)/V(IV), 0.05 mol/L selected stabilizer and source Eq5 elemental-V mass basis reproduce the existing V2O5, conditioning electricity and oxygen arithmetic. Source reduction data exclude peripherals and use4 mol/L sulfate; transfer to4.2 mol/L and German electricity remains an engineering proxy. Do not turn specification limits, including the reversed V(IV) percentage bounds, into uncertainty distributions. The declared node reference is kilogram of vanadium electrolyte conditioning; supplier/biosphere identity, allocation and uncertainty are not established by a literal quantity match.

Target field: methodology_notes
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://support.ecoinvent.org/chemicals-and-plastics
Source location: Official ecoinvent pure-chemical convention; combined4469/5902 nominal mass balance
Qualification: Pure-chemical provider convention reopens the electrolyte water balance. The baseline's claim that85%-acid carrier water is already supplied is unsupported by a 'without water' reference flow. With pure precursor masses and recorded oxygen release, current nominal output is0.999364225779kg rather than1kg; missing mass0.000635774221453kg equals the assumed acid carrier water. A conditional conditioning-water candidate is0.600635955882kg/kg. Verify exact linked providers before a coordinated new-version change. Existing V2O5/electricity/oxygen arithmetic remains supported.

Target field: methodology_notes
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: Manifest-verified prior correction/source/migration decisions and exact archive guards
Source location: Historical preservation register P013/P014 or scoped H-series review; original encoding and approval boundaries retained
Qualification: Earlier review explicitly flags unsupported implicit phosphate-carrier-water subtraction. Admission as a foreground or successful linking is not scientific acceptance of that water coefficient. Current pure-chemical/water candidate remains held for exact provider basis, nominal closure and uncertainty; do not force either prior or paper quantity without those checks.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Commercial maturity stage: Unspecified. Basis: Commercial vanadium electrolyte is available, but does not demonstrate the exact combined CLIC experimental-energy/formulation/conditioning configuration. Leave exact maturity and numerical TRL unspecified for both references. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Technology readiness level: Unspecified. Basis: Commercial vanadium electrolyte is available, but does not demonstrate the exact combined CLIC experimental-energy/formulation/conditioning configuration. Leave exact maturity and numerical TRL unspecified for both references. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Technological representativeness: 4. Basis: Curator technology/geography/time scores 4/3/4 reflect experimental and specification transfers, German electricity, unquantified peripheral loads and mixed historical evidence. Publication and datasheet dates are not observed output years. This is a curator judgement, not a numerical score assigned by the authors. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Geographical representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator technology/geography/time scores 4/3/4 reflect experimental and specification transfers, German electricity, unquantified peripheral loads and mixed historical evidence. Publication and datasheet dates are not observed output years. This is a curator judgement, not a numerical score assigned by the authors. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522
Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Curator technology/geography/time scores 4/3/4 reflect experimental and specification transfers, German electricity, unquantified peripheral loads and mixed historical evidence. Publication and datasheet dates are not observed output years. This is a curator judgement, not a numerical score assigned by the authors. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Technology characterization Scale, utilization, production, lifetime, technology readiness and representativeness.

Commercial maturity stage: Not provided

Design capacity: Not provided

Design capacity unit: Not provided

Capacity factor: Not provided

Annual production volume: Not provided

Annual production volume unit: Not provided

Annual production volume year: Not provided

Plant lifetime: Not provided

Technology readiness level Not assessed

Technological representativeness

Geographical representativeness

Temporal representativeness

Missing exchange uncertainty generation: Not requested

Representativeness scores use a 1–5 scale when provided. Lower scores indicate a closer fit to the modeled technology, geography, or time period.

Inventory & impacts 4 exchanges · exchange table, supply-chain graph and environmental screening.

Precalculated screening profile

Environmental impacts

Results per kilogram, using UVEK 2025 and the ecoinvent 3.10 biosphere. Exchange rows are shaded from green to red by relative contribution to the selected indicator.

Exchange impact indicator (EF v3.1)

Climate change 0.0439307 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram

Screening result

This screening result uses Brightpath mappings from the source background to UVEK 2025; mapped suppliers are not claims of scientific equivalence.

Show all 16 indicator totals

Acidification 6.6590e-05 mol H+-Eq / kilogram

Climate change 0.0439307 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram

Freshwater ecotoxicity 0.164702 CTUe / kilogram

Freshwater eutrophication 4.8177e-05 kg P-Eq / kilogram

Marine eutrophication 2.5975e-05 kg N-Eq / kilogram

Terrestrial eutrophication 0.000192835 mol N-Eq / kilogram

Human toxicity, cancer 4.7846e-11 CTUh / kilogram

Human toxicity, non-cancer 2.3408e-10 CTUh / kilogram

Ionising radiation 0.00754806 kBq U235-Eq / kilogram

Land use 0.190518 dimensionless / kilogram

Ozone depletion 8.5820e-10 kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram

Particulate matter 3.7201e-10 disease incidence / kilogram

Photochemical ozone formation 6.6769e-05 kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram

Resource use, fossils 0.506044 MJ, net calorific value / kilogram

Resource use, minerals and metals 5.3836e-08 kg Sb-Eq / kilogram

Water use 0.013289 m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram

Calculation details

Profile uvek-2025-ef-v3-1-4e70d56a85b1 · artifact 4e70d56a85b1 · calculated 2026-11-09 12:49 UTC. These screening results do not replace a reviewed comparative LCA.

Reference flow 1 row Reference production exchanges extracted from the uploaded inventory.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
vanadium electrolyte conditioning RER	vanadium electrolyte conditioning	1	kilogram	-	Reference flow

Emissions 1 row Elementary flows emitted from the dataset to the environment.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
Oxygen	air	0.01	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment 1.5 electrons removed per V during preparation; four electrons per O2; oxygen release, no product-substitution credit.	0 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.0% of total EF biosphere factor

Technosphere inputs 2 rows Linked foreground or background product inputs used by this dataset.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
market for water, deionised Europe without Switzerland	water, deionised	0.6	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Further-reviewed proposed correction: Restore explicitly supplied dilution water under exact pure-acid3.9references. Keep the approved preparation stoichiometry/energy/oxygen model. Coordinate parent4469and helper5902explanatory text: phosphate carrier is not implicitly supplied by the pure-reference provider.	0.00030364 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.7% of total BAFU:2025
market for electricity, medium voltage DE	electricity, medium voltage	0.1	kilowatt hour	Metadata (1) Comment Published cell energy per elemental V converted to final-solution basis; DE electricity is an explicit location proxy; peripherals excluded.	0.043627 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 99.3% of total BAFU:2025

Parameters 0 source definitions · values, formulas and uncertainty.

Read-only definitions preserved with this inventory version. Values are supplied by the source; CLIC does not evaluate formulas or recalculate exchange amounts and impact scores from them.

No parameter definitions were supplied with this inventory snapshot.

Versions & changes 2 versions · change rationale, release notes and comparisons.

Oldest to newest. Arrows show recorded revision links; each node describes the change introduced by that version.

Version 1.0.0
Published 2026-11-03

This vanadium electrolyte conditioning reference makes its product and manufacturing boundary explicit. Its supplied inputs include water, deionised, electricity, medium voltage.
Superseded
Version 1.0.1
Published 2026-11-09

Curator-approved inventory correction; source evidence and assumptions are retained in the dataset metadata.
Published · Viewing · Latest

Show full version history table (2 versions)

Version	Published	Reason for this version	Link
Version 1.0.1	2026-11-09	Curator-approved inventory correction; source evidence and assumptions are retained in the dataset metadata.	Current view
Version 1.0.0 Superseded	Published 2026-11-03	This vanadium electrolyte conditioning reference makes its product and manufacturing boundary explicit. Its supplied inputs include water, deionised, electricity, medium voltage.	Open version

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About this version

Why this version changed

Curator-approved inventory correction; source evidence and assumptions are retained in the dataset metadata.

Changes from version 1.0.0 Compare this version with its predecessor. Exchanges are grouped by type and change; biosphere labels include their environmental compartments. Open the base version. Show changes Hide changes

Why this version changed

Curator-approved inventory correction; source evidence and assumptions are retained in the dataset metadata.

Public revision record

This comparison is permanently visible with the published version so users can assess every detected change before reuse.

Modified exchanges: 2
Added exchanges: 0
Removed exchanges: 0
Inventory metadata: 2
Version metadata: 4

Technosphere exchanges modified 1

Technosphere exchanges modified
Exchange / scope	Field	Previous value	Revised value	Reason
market for water, deionised (technosphere / Europe without Switzerland / kilogram)	Amount	0.6000001816608996	0.600635955882353	No explanation was recorded for this change.
	Inventory comment	Not set	Further-reviewed proposed correction: Restore explicitly supplied dilution water under exact pure-acid3.9references. Keep the approved preparation stoichiometry/energy/oxygen model. Coordinate parent4469and helper5902explanatory text: phosphate carrier is not implicitly supplied by the pure-reference provider.	No explanation was recorded for this change.

Reference flows modified 1

Reference flows modified
Exchange / scope	Field	Previous value	Revised value	Reason
vanadium electrolyte conditioning (production / RER / kilogram)	Linked database record	curated VRFB conditioning reference / 49ea650ab022507dba8e553d8cc421c0	CLIC curated update 2026-11 / clic-8c4c09c7d31f5eebafe9f904916a2a83	No explanation was recorded for this change.

Metadata changes 6

Metadata changes
Exchange / scope	Field	Previous value	Revised value	Reason
Inventory file	Code	49ea650ab022507dba8e553d8cc421c0	clic-8c4c09c7d31f5eebafe9f904916a2a83	No explanation was recorded for this change.
Inventory file	Database	curated VRFB conditioning reference	CLIC curated update 2026-11
Version metadata	Intended application	Preparation of the stated nominal vanadium electrolyte in source-qualified flow-battery models. Preserve the parent/helper boundary, formulation, original profiles and explicit-water accounting when interpreting the recipe.	Preparation of the stated nominal vanadium electrolyte in source-qualified flow-battery models, using the coordinated parent/conditioning-service boundary, formulation and declared profiles.
Version metadata	Methodology and allocation explanation	Nominal formulation The Oxkem VOS16 reference contains 1.6 mol/L total vanadium, equally divided between V(III) and V(IV), 4.2 mol/L total sulfate and a density of 1.36 kg/L. The model selects 0.05 mol/L H3PO4 from the manufacturer's customer-specific 0.05–0.12 mol/L range. These are specification/model inputs rather than measured Oxkem plant inventories. The technical datasheet is issue 1, dated 2 August 2024; its 2025 URL path is not the issue year. Preparation and energy Martin et al. (2020), Equation 5 and Table 6, supplies the elemental-vanadium energy basis: 1.69 kWh/kg elemental V at 50 mA/cm² and 30 °C. This gives 0.10128368823529411 kWh reduction electricity per kilogram of the reference solution. The experiment uses 4 mol/L sulfate; transfer to the 4.2 mol/L target and German electricity are engineering proxies. The conditioning purchase is a service per kilogram of final solution, not an additional kilogram of electrolyte material. Explicit dilution-water basis The exact declared acid references supply pure chemical mass and require explicit solvent; the '85% solution state' label does not supply implicit carrier water. The current conditioning water is 0.6000001816608996 kg/kg, with 0.014116764705882353 kg oxygen release. The nominal two-node material balance gives approximately 0.999364225779 kg output rather than 1 kg. The approximately 0.000635774221453 kg gap equals the unsupported phosphate-carrier-water subtraction. The explicit-solvent balance requires 0.600635955882353 kg/kg. The parent formulation and conditioning service share this explicit-solvent accounting basis. Parent exchange amounts, vanadium dose, reduction electricity, oxygen quantity, allocation, freight and declared profiles retain their archived values.	Nominal formulation The Oxkem VOS16 reference contains 1.6 mol/L total vanadium, equally divided between V(III) and V(IV), 4.2 mol/L total sulfate and a density of 1.36 kg/L. The model selects 0.05 mol/L H3PO4 from the manufacturer's customer-specific 0.05–0.12 mol/L range. These are specification/model inputs rather than measured Oxkem plant inventories. The technical datasheet is issue 1, dated 2 August 2024; its 2025 URL path is not the issue year. Preparation and energy Martin et al. (2020), Equation 5 and Table 6, supplies the elemental-vanadium energy basis: 1.69 kWh/kg elemental V at 50 mA/cm² and 30 °C. This gives 0.10128368823529411 kWh reduction electricity per kilogram of the reference solution. The experiment uses 4 mol/L sulfate; transfer to the 4.2 mol/L target and German electricity are engineering proxies. The conditioning purchase is a service per kilogram of final solution, not an additional kilogram of electrolyte material. Explicit dilution water The exact declared acid references supply pure chemical mass and require explicit solvent; the '85% solution state' label does not supply implicit carrier water. Conditioning uses 0.600635955882353 kg make-up water/kg final electrolyte, with 0.10128368823529411 kWh reduction electricity and 0.014116764705882353 kg oxygen release. The water includes the approximately 0.000635774221453 kg phosphate-carrier amount formerly subtracted from the nominal balance. Parent and helper form one coordinated preparation model: precursor amounts, vanadium dose, allocation, freight and declared profiles retain their existing bases. The conditioning reference is a service per kilogram of final solution, not an additional kilogram of electrolyte material.
Version metadata	Contributors, publications, projects and supporting evidence	Evidence: 1. Origin: source_import Evidence: 1. Target field: data_origins Evidence: 1. Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance. Evidence: 1. Source location: source Evidence: 1. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 2. Origin: source_import Evidence: 2. Target field: data_origins Evidence: 2. Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance. Evidence: 2. Source location: description Evidence: 2. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 3. Origin: source_import Evidence: 3. Target field: included_life_cycle_stages Evidence: 3. Qualification: Minimum explicitly named stage(s); no assertion that all upstream/downstream stages of the cited study are present. Manufacturing rejects alone do not create an end-of-life stage. Evidence: 3. Source location: name Evidence: 3. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 4. Origin: source_import Evidence: 4. Target field: use_limitations Evidence: 4. Qualification: Copied version-specific scientific qualification; it remains applicable to this exact reconstruction and is not a claim about the source paper. Evidence: 4. Source location: description Evidence: 4. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 5. Origin: source_import Evidence: 5. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 5. Qualification: Qualification derived from exact supplied provenance; it does not import a whole-paper method, year or allocation. Evidence: 5. Source location: source Evidence: 5. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 6. Origin: source_import Evidence: 6. Target field: publications Evidence: 6. Qualification: Preparation/conditioning evidence. Historical hardware context only. Existing original_citation/original_doi are preserved; the parent registry owns verified bibliographic enrichment. No primary source is replaced. Evidence: 6. Source location: source Evidence: 6. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 7. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 7. Target field: publications Evidence: 7. Qualification: Preserve paper publication years 2025/2018, not DOI submission year 2024 or archive creation year 2024. Historical HIU/KIT and SLU affiliations remain distinct from later repository affiliations or email domains. Article authors are not assigned as inventory contributors. HIPOLE polymer institute remains distinct from the GSI physics institute and has no verified ROR in this review. Evidence: 7. Source location: Original paper byline and historical affiliations; DOI deposits; source-study institutional identity records Evidence: 7. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 8. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 8. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 8. Qualification: Source review: Weber et al. (2018) models a hypothetical 1 MW/8.3 MWh vanadium system for 20-year renewables support, with a study functional unit of 1 MWh delivered electricity and separate manufacturing, use and recycling assumptions. Source software/background are openLCA1.6 and ecoinvent3.3 cut-off; the later May2022 export targets ecoinvent3.7.1. These are not automatic creation-software/profile or measured-year declarations for CLIC. The authors' v3 Zenodo record reports a doubled V2O5 error corrected in the native electrolyte, but explicitly warns of a remaining dataset error. A formal journal corrigendum was not located; the warning and archival correction statement are retained as evidence, not an error-free replacement reference. The original and archived SI extract to identical text and still print 0.286 kg V2O5 per litre with 1.35 kg electrolyte output; the updated native process uses 0.1455 kg. A per-litre recipe must be normalized before comparison with a per-kg CLIC reference. Current CLIC4469 is a later Oxkem VOS16/Martin formulation at 1.36 kg/L and4.2 mol/L sulfate, not a literal copy of either source version; do not halve its V2O5 again. Manufacturer TDS issue1 is dated2 August2024 despite its2025 URL. The 1.6 mol/L total-V formulation, equimolar V(III)/V(IV), 0.05 mol/L selected stabilizer and source Eq5 elemental-V mass basis reproduce the existing V2O5, conditioning electricity and oxygen arithmetic. Source reduction data exclude peripherals and use4 mol/L sulfate; transfer to4.2 mol/L and German electricity remains an engineering proxy. Do not turn specification limits, including the reversed V(IV) percentage bounds, into uncertainty distributions. The declared node reference is kilogram of vanadium electrolyte conditioning; supplier/biosphere identity, allocation and uncertainty are not established by a literal quantity match. Evidence: 8. Source location: Author archive correction/residual-error statement, original/archival SI S8 and native c94ceb7a; CLIC exact-version checks Evidence: 8. Source reference: https://zenodo.org/records/10589869 Evidence: 9. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 9. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 9. Qualification: Pure-chemical provider convention reopens the electrolyte water balance. The baseline's claim that85%-acid carrier water is already supplied is unsupported by a 'without water' reference flow. With pure precursor masses and recorded oxygen release, current nominal output is0.999364225779kg rather than1kg; missing mass0.000635774221453kg equals the assumed acid carrier water. A conditional conditioning-water candidate is0.600635955882kg/kg. Verify exact linked providers before a coordinated new-version change. Existing V2O5/electricity/oxygen arithmetic remains supported. Evidence: 9. Source location: Official ecoinvent pure-chemical convention; combined4469/5902 nominal mass balance Evidence: 9. Source reference: https://support.ecoinvent.org/chemicals-and-plastics Evidence: 10. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 10. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 10. Qualification: Earlier review explicitly flags unsupported implicit phosphate-carrier-water subtraction. Admission as a foreground or successful linking is not scientific acceptance of that water coefficient. Current pure-chemical/water candidate remains held for exact provider basis, nominal closure and uncertainty; do not force either prior or paper quantity without those checks. Evidence: 10. Source location: Historical preservation register P013/P014 or scoped H-series review; original encoding and approval boundaries retained Evidence: 10. Source reference: Manifest-verified prior correction/source/migration decisions and exact archive guards Evidence: 11. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 11. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 11. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-3788. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 11. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 11. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 12. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 12. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 12. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-3788. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 12. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 12. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 13. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 13. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 13. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-3788. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 13. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 13. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 14. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 14. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 14. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-3788. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 14. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 14. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 15. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 15. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 15. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-3788. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 15. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 15. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 16. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 16. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 16. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-3788. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 16. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 16. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 17. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 17. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 17. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-3788. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 17. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 17. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 18. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 18. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 18. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-3788. Commercial maturity stage: Unspecified. Basis: Commercial vanadium electrolyte is available, but does not demonstrate the exact combined CLIC experimental-energy/formulation/conditioning configuration. Leave exact maturity and numerical TRL unspecified for both references. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 18. Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe Evidence: 18. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 19. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 19. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 19. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-3788. Technology readiness level: Unspecified. Basis: Commercial vanadium electrolyte is available, but does not demonstrate the exact combined CLIC experimental-energy/formulation/conditioning configuration. Leave exact maturity and numerical TRL unspecified for both references. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 19. Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe Evidence: 19. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 20. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 20. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 20. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-3788. Technological representativeness: 4. Basis: Curator technology/geography/time scores 4/3/4 reflect experimental and specification transfers, German electricity, unquantified peripheral loads and mixed historical evidence. Publication and datasheet dates are not observed output years. This is a curator judgement, not a numerical score assigned by the authors. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 20. Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe Evidence: 20. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 21. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 21. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 21. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-3788. Geographical representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator technology/geography/time scores 4/3/4 reflect experimental and specification transfers, German electricity, unquantified peripheral loads and mixed historical evidence. Publication and datasheet dates are not observed output years. This is a curator judgement, not a numerical score assigned by the authors. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 21. Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe Evidence: 21. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 22. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 22. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 22. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-3788. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Curator technology/geography/time scores 4/3/4 reflect experimental and specification transfers, German electricity, unquantified peripheral loads and mixed historical evidence. Publication and datasheet dates are not observed output years. This is a curator judgement, not a numerical score assigned by the authors. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 22. Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe Evidence: 22. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Publications: 1. Doi: 10.1002/ente.202000522 Publications: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Publications: 1. Title: Preparation of Electrolyte for Vanadium Redox‐Flow Batteries Based on Vanadium Pentoxide Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Jan Martin Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: 0000-0001-6018-9480 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04qb8nc58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-clausthal.de/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Katharina Schafner Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04qb8nc58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-clausthal.de/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Thomas Turek Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04qb8nc58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-clausthal.de/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology Publications: 1. Citation: Martin, J.; Schafner, K.; Turek, T. (2020). Preparation of Electrolyte for Vanadium Redox-Flow Batteries Based on Vanadium Pentoxide. Energy Technology 8, 2000522. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Publications: 1. Relation: supporting_source Publications: 1. Source type: scientific_journal Publications: 1. Publication year: 2020 Publications: 2. Doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Publications: 2. Url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Publications: 2. Title: Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Selina Weber Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/034rhsb33 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Jens F. Peters Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: 0000-0002-4802-7806 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/034rhsb33 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Manuel Baumann Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: 0000-0002-8374-4624 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: ITAS, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Name: Marcel Weil Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Orcid: 0000-0003-0151-9990 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Url: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Name: ITAS, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Citation: Weber, S.; Peters, J. F.; Baumann, M.; Weil, M. (2018). Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. Environmental Science & Technology 52, 10864–10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Publications: 2. Relation: supporting_source Publications: 2. Source type: scientific_journal Publications: 2. Publication year: 2018 Publications: 3. Doi: Not set Publications: 3. Url: https://www.oxkem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Vanadium-Electrolyte-TDS-1.6mol.L.pdf Publications: 3. Title: Vanadium Electrolyte (1.6 mol/L) For Vanadium Redox Batteries Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Oxkem Limited Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: Not set Publications: 3. Citation: Oxkem Limited (2024). Vanadium Electrolyte (1.6 mol/L) For Vanadium Redox Batteries. Technical data sheet, VOS16, issue 1, 2 August 2024. https://www.oxkem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Vanadium-Electrolyte-TDS-1.6mol.L.pdf Publications: 3. Relation: supporting_source Publications: 3. Source type: industry_documentation Publications: 3. Publication year: 2024	Evidence: 1. Origin: source_import Evidence: 1. Target field: data_origins Evidence: 1. Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance. Evidence: 1. Source location: source Evidence: 1. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 2. Origin: source_import Evidence: 2. Target field: data_origins Evidence: 2. Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance. Evidence: 2. Source location: description Evidence: 2. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 3. Origin: source_import Evidence: 3. Target field: included_life_cycle_stages Evidence: 3. Qualification: Minimum explicitly named stage(s); no assertion that all upstream/downstream stages of the cited study are present. Manufacturing rejects alone do not create an end-of-life stage. Evidence: 3. Source location: name Evidence: 3. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 4. Origin: source_import Evidence: 4. Target field: use_limitations Evidence: 4. Qualification: Copied version-specific scientific qualification; it remains applicable to this exact reconstruction and is not a claim about the source paper. Evidence: 4. Source location: description Evidence: 4. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 5. Origin: source_import Evidence: 5. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 5. Qualification: Qualification derived from exact supplied provenance; it does not import a whole-paper method, year or allocation. Evidence: 5. Source location: source Evidence: 5. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 6. Origin: source_import Evidence: 6. Target field: publications Evidence: 6. Qualification: Preparation/conditioning evidence. Historical hardware context only. Existing original_citation/original_doi are preserved; the parent registry owns verified bibliographic enrichment. No primary source is replaced. Evidence: 6. Source location: source Evidence: 6. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 7. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 7. Target field: publications Evidence: 7. Qualification: Preserve paper publication years 2025/2018, not DOI submission year 2024 or archive creation year 2024. Historical HIU/KIT and SLU affiliations remain distinct from later repository affiliations or email domains. Article authors are not assigned as inventory contributors. HIPOLE polymer institute remains distinct from the GSI physics institute and has no verified ROR in this review. Evidence: 7. Source location: Original paper byline and historical affiliations; DOI deposits; source-study institutional identity records Evidence: 7. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 8. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 8. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 8. Qualification: Source review: Weber et al. (2018) models a hypothetical 1 MW/8.3 MWh vanadium system for 20-year renewables support, with a study functional unit of 1 MWh delivered electricity and separate manufacturing, use and recycling assumptions. Source software/background are openLCA1.6 and ecoinvent3.3 cut-off; the later May2022 export targets ecoinvent3.7.1. These are not automatic creation-software/profile or measured-year declarations for CLIC. The authors' v3 Zenodo record reports a doubled V2O5 error corrected in the native electrolyte, but explicitly warns of a remaining dataset error. A formal journal corrigendum was not located; the warning and archival correction statement are retained as evidence, not an error-free replacement reference. The original and archived SI extract to identical text and still print 0.286 kg V2O5 per litre with 1.35 kg electrolyte output; the updated native process uses 0.1455 kg. A per-litre recipe must be normalized before comparison with a per-kg CLIC reference. Current CLIC4469 is a later Oxkem VOS16/Martin formulation at 1.36 kg/L and4.2 mol/L sulfate, not a literal copy of either source version; do not halve its V2O5 again. Manufacturer TDS issue1 is dated2 August2024 despite its2025 URL. The 1.6 mol/L total-V formulation, equimolar V(III)/V(IV), 0.05 mol/L selected stabilizer and source Eq5 elemental-V mass basis reproduce the existing V2O5, conditioning electricity and oxygen arithmetic. Source reduction data exclude peripherals and use4 mol/L sulfate; transfer to4.2 mol/L and German electricity remains an engineering proxy. Do not turn specification limits, including the reversed V(IV) percentage bounds, into uncertainty distributions. The declared node reference is kilogram of vanadium electrolyte conditioning; supplier/biosphere identity, allocation and uncertainty are not established by a literal quantity match. Evidence: 8. Source location: Author archive correction/residual-error statement, original/archival SI S8 and native c94ceb7a; CLIC exact-version checks Evidence: 8. Source reference: https://zenodo.org/records/10589869 Evidence: 9. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 9. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 9. Qualification: Pure-chemical provider convention reopens the electrolyte water balance. The baseline's claim that85%-acid carrier water is already supplied is unsupported by a 'without water' reference flow. With pure precursor masses and recorded oxygen release, current nominal output is0.999364225779kg rather than1kg; missing mass0.000635774221453kg equals the assumed acid carrier water. A conditional conditioning-water candidate is0.600635955882kg/kg. Verify exact linked providers before a coordinated new-version change. Existing V2O5/electricity/oxygen arithmetic remains supported. Evidence: 9. Source location: Official ecoinvent pure-chemical convention; combined4469/5902 nominal mass balance Evidence: 9. Source reference: https://support.ecoinvent.org/chemicals-and-plastics Evidence: 10. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 10. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 10. Qualification: Earlier review explicitly flags unsupported implicit phosphate-carrier-water subtraction. Admission as a foreground or successful linking is not scientific acceptance of that water coefficient. Current pure-chemical/water candidate remains held for exact provider basis, nominal closure and uncertainty; do not force either prior or paper quantity without those checks. Evidence: 10. Source location: Historical preservation register P013/P014 or scoped H-series review; original encoding and approval boundaries retained Evidence: 10. Source reference: Manifest-verified prior correction/source/migration decisions and exact archive guards Evidence: 11. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 11. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 11. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 11. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 11. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 12. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 12. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 12. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 12. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 12. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 13. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 13. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 13. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 13. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 13. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 14. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 14. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 14. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 14. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 14. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 15. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 15. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 15. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 15. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 15. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 16. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 16. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 16. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 16. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 16. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 17. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 17. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 17. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: Own per kg material/process service or perunit auxiliary-set reference has no configured manufacturing plant capacity, annual output, utilization or calendar equipment life. Source whole-device ratings, vehicle/system lives, catalyst reuse cycles, specific utilities, composition, loading and recovery retain their distinct roles. Laboratory cell area/current density, product concentration, packaging and battery system life remain separate from own factory parameters. Evidence classification: laboratory specification and own process scope review. Confidence: high for scope and explicit missing binding. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 17. Source location: Martin methods, Table 6 and Figure 7; Oxkem VOS16; exact two-node CLIC formulation Evidence: 17. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 18. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 18. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 18. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Commercial maturity stage: Unspecified. Basis: Commercial vanadium electrolyte is available, but does not demonstrate the exact combined CLIC experimental-energy/formulation/conditioning configuration. Leave exact maturity and numerical TRL unspecified for both references. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 18. Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe Evidence: 18. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 19. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 19. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 19. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Technology readiness level: Unspecified. Basis: Commercial vanadium electrolyte is available, but does not demonstrate the exact combined CLIC experimental-energy/formulation/conditioning configuration. Leave exact maturity and numerical TRL unspecified for both references. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 19. Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe Evidence: 19. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 20. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 20. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 20. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Technological representativeness: 4. Basis: Curator technology/geography/time scores 4/3/4 reflect experimental and specification transfers, German electricity, unquantified peripheral loads and mixed historical evidence. Publication and datasheet dates are not observed output years. This is a curator judgement, not a numerical score assigned by the authors. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 20. Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe Evidence: 20. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 21. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 21. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 21. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Geographical representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator technology/geography/time scores 4/3/4 reflect experimental and specification transfers, German electricity, unquantified peripheral loads and mixed historical evidence. Publication and datasheet dates are not observed output years. This is a curator judgement, not a numerical score assigned by the authors. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 21. Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe Evidence: 21. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Evidence: 22. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 22. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 22. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-5902. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Curator technology/geography/time scores 4/3/4 reflect experimental and specification transfers, German electricity, unquantified peripheral loads and mixed historical evidence. Publication and datasheet dates are not observed output years. This is a curator judgement, not a numerical score assigned by the authors. Evidence classification: source scope and explicit curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 22. Source location: Supporting experimental/source specification boundaries and independent current engineering recipe Evidence: 22. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Publications: 1. Doi: 10.1002/ente.202000522 Publications: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Publications: 1. Title: Preparation of Electrolyte for Vanadium Redox‐Flow Batteries Based on Vanadium Pentoxide Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Jan Martin Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: 0000-0001-6018-9480 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04qb8nc58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-clausthal.de/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Katharina Schafner Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04qb8nc58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-clausthal.de/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Thomas Turek Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04qb8nc58 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-clausthal.de/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology Publications: 1. Citation: Martin, J.; Schafner, K.; Turek, T. (2020). Preparation of Electrolyte for Vanadium Redox-Flow Batteries Based on Vanadium Pentoxide. Energy Technology 8, 2000522. https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.202000522 Publications: 1. Relation: supporting_source Publications: 1. Source type: scientific_journal Publications: 1. Publication year: 2020 Publications: 2. Doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Publications: 2. Url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Publications: 2. Title: Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Selina Weber Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/034rhsb33 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Jens F. Peters Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: 0000-0002-4802-7806 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/034rhsb33 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Manuel Baumann Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: 0000-0002-8374-4624 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: ITAS, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Name: Marcel Weil Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Orcid: 0000-0003-0151-9990 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Url: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Name: ITAS, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 2. Citation: Weber, S.; Peters, J. F.; Baumann, M.; Weil, M. (2018). Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. Environmental Science & Technology 52, 10864–10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Publications: 2. Relation: supporting_source Publications: 2. Source type: scientific_journal Publications: 2. Publication year: 2018 Publications: 3. Doi: Not set Publications: 3. Url: https://www.oxkem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Vanadium-Electrolyte-TDS-1.6mol.L.pdf Publications: 3. Title: Vanadium Electrolyte (1.6 mol/L) For Vanadium Redox Batteries Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Oxkem Limited Publications: 3. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: Not set Publications: 3. Citation: Oxkem Limited (2024). Vanadium Electrolyte (1.6 mol/L) For Vanadium Redox Batteries. Technical data sheet, VOS16, issue 1, 2 August 2024. https://www.oxkem.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Vanadium-Electrolyte-TDS-1.6mol.L.pdf Publications: 3. Relation: supporting_source Publications: 3. Source type: industry_documentation Publications: 3. Publication year: 2024
Version metadata	Limitations on use	Process completeness The reduction evidence excludes peripheral loads. Pumping, heating/cooling, catalyst/electrode/membrane wear and factory infrastructure remain unquantified. The formulation and energy calculation do not establish measured industrial performance, supplier/biosphere binding, allocation or complete uncertainty characterization. Specification and uncertainty Manufacturer specification limits are not probability distributions. The datasheet's V(IV) percentage bounds are printed in reversed order; they must not be used as a valid uncertainty interval. The selected stabilizer dose, sulfate transfer and electricity geography retain their engineering qualifications. Water accounting and validation limits The exact declared 3.9 pure-acid references do not support implicit acid-carrier water. The bounded explicit-water correction retains the existing preparation stoichiometry, electricity, oxygen, upstream vanadium allocation and mass-scaled V2O5 freight. It does not constitute complete industrial validation or authorize an isolated reimplementation of the earlier Weber recipe. The conditioning-service water balance and the parent formulation must be interpreted together. Source lineage and correction scope Weber et al. (2018) models a hypothetical 1 MW/8.3 MWh vanadium system for 20-year renewables support, with a functional unit of 1 MWh delivered electricity and separate manufacture, use and recycling assumptions. The source uses openLCA 1.6 and ecoinvent 3.3 cutoff; a later May 2022 export targets ecoinvent 3.7.1. Those facts do not replace this record's declared 3.9 profiles or establish its creation software or measurement year. The authors' version-3 Zenodo record describes a doubled V2O5 quantity corrected in the native electrolyte, while still warning of a remaining dataset error. No formal journal corrigendum was located in the recorded checks. Original and archived supplements have identical extracted text and still print 0.286 kg V2O5 per litre with 1.35 kg electrolyte output; the updated native process uses 0.1455 kg. Per-litre and per-kilogram references require normalization before comparison. The current Oxkem/Martin reconstruction is a different formulation: its vanadium-pentoxide quantity must not be halved again by transferring that historical correction.	Process completeness The reduction evidence excludes peripheral loads. Pumping, heating/cooling, catalyst/electrode/membrane wear and factory infrastructure remain unquantified. The formulation and energy calculation do not establish measured industrial performance, supplier/biosphere binding, allocation or complete uncertainty characterization. Specification and uncertainty Manufacturer specification limits are not probability distributions. The datasheet's V(IV) percentage bounds are printed in reversed order; they must not be used as a valid uncertainty interval. The selected stabilizer dose, sulfate transfer and electricity geography retain their engineering qualifications. Water basis and validation scope Explicit dilution water follows the exact declared 3.9 pure-acid references. Preparation stoichiometry, electricity, oxygen, upstream vanadium allocation and mass-scaled V2O5 freight retain their existing bases. This bounded material-balance correction does not establish complete industrial performance or support an isolated reimplementation of the earlier Weber recipe. Source lineage and correction scope Weber et al. (2018) models a hypothetical 1 MW/8.3 MWh vanadium system for 20-year renewables support, with a functional unit of 1 MWh delivered electricity and separate manufacture, use and recycling assumptions. The source uses openLCA 1.6 and ecoinvent 3.3 cutoff; a later May 2022 export targets ecoinvent 3.7.1. Those facts do not replace this record's declared 3.9 profiles or establish its creation software or measurement year. The authors' version-3 Zenodo record describes a doubled V2O5 quantity corrected in the native electrolyte, while still warning of a remaining dataset error. No formal journal corrigendum was located in the recorded checks. Original and archived supplements have identical extracted text and still print 0.286 kg V2O5 per litre with 1.35 kg electrolyte output; the updated native process uses 0.1455 kg. Per-litre and per-kilogram references require normalization before comparison. The current Oxkem/Martin reconstruction is a different formulation: its vanadium-pentoxide quantity must not be halved again by transferring that historical correction.

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vanadium electrolyte conditioning

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