Scope, source, release context, and stable identifying information.
Description
Ex-ante LCA. Pallas et al. (2020) Ex ante life cycle assessment of GaAs/Si nanowire–based tandem solar cells: a benchmark for industrialization. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 25, 1767-1782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-020-01791-z
Source
Scientific journal publication
Pallas, G., Vijver, M. G., Peijnenburg, W. J., & Guinée, J. (2020). Ex ante life cycle assessment of GaAs/Si nanowire–based tandem solar cells: a benchmark for industrialization. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 25, 1767-1782. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-020-01791-z
Scale, utilization, production, and lifetime data. Missing values remain visible to guide future metadata improvements.
Commercial maturity stage
Pilot
Design capacity
Not provided
Design capacity unit
Not provided
Capacity factor
Not provided
Annual production volume
Not provided
Annual production volume unit
Not provided
Annual production volume year
Not provided
Plant lifetime
Not provided
Inventory workspace
Inventory & impacts
Inspect every exchange and its contribution to the selected EF v3.1 indicator.
Precalculated screening profile
Environmental impacts
Results per square meter, using UVEK 2025 and the ecoinvent 3.10 biosphere. Exchange rows are shaded from green to red by relative contribution to the selected indicator.
Acidification5.52668
mol H+-Eq / square meter
Climate change2226.15
kg CO2-Eq / square meter
Freshwater ecotoxicity152580
CTUe / square meter
Freshwater eutrophication0.954908
kg P-Eq / square meter
Marine eutrophication3.16122
kg N-Eq / square meter
Terrestrial eutrophication11.9382
mol N-Eq / square meter
Human toxicity, cancer5.7421e-06
CTUh / square meter
Human toxicity, non-cancer6.3802e-05
CTUh / square meter
Ionising radiation3919.02
kBq U235-Eq / square meter
Land use9006.88
dimensionless / square meter
Ozone depletion0.000177134
kg CFC-11-Eq / square meter
Particulate matter6.1937e-05
disease incidence / square meter
Photochemical ozone formation4.39429
kg NMVOC-Eq / square meter
Resource use, fossils58963.2
MJ, net calorific value / square meter
Resource use, minerals and metals0.0291481
kg Sb-Eq / square meter
Water use3367.13
m3 world Eq deprived / square meter
Screening result
This screening result uses Brightpath mappings from the source background to UVEK 2025; mapped suppliers are not claims of scientific equivalence.
Show all 16 indicator totals
Acidification5.52668
mol H+-Eq / square meter
Climate change2226.15
kg CO2-Eq / square meter
Freshwater ecotoxicity152580
CTUe / square meter
Freshwater eutrophication0.954908
kg P-Eq / square meter
Marine eutrophication3.16122
kg N-Eq / square meter
Terrestrial eutrophication11.9382
mol N-Eq / square meter
Human toxicity, cancer5.7421e-06
CTUh / square meter
Human toxicity, non-cancer6.3802e-05
CTUh / square meter
Ionising radiation3919.02
kBq U235-Eq / square meter
Land use9006.88
dimensionless / square meter
Ozone depletion0.000177134
kg CFC-11-Eq / square meter
Particulate matter6.1937e-05
disease incidence / square meter
Photochemical ozone formation4.39429
kg NMVOC-Eq / square meter
Resource use, fossils58963.2
MJ, net calorific value / square meter
Resource use, minerals and metals0.0291481
kg Sb-Eq / square meter
Water use3367.13
m3 world Eq deprived / square meter
Calculation details
Profile uvek-2025-ef-v3-1-4e70d56a85b1 · artifact
4e70d56a85b1 · calculated
2026-09-28 11:11 UTC. These screening results do not replace a reviewed comparative LCA.
Dataset contents
Reference flows, emissions, technosphere inputs, and natural resources in this published snapshot.
Outputs
Reference flow
1 row
Reference production exchanges extracted from the uploaded inventory.
Exchange
Reference / categories
Amount
Unit
Metadata
Climate change contribution
coating, drying, optical lithography
GLO
GaAs wafer with resist patterned
1
square meter
Metadata (1)
Comment
We consider the transfer route, because for direct and transfer route, all impacts are in a similar order of magnitude and are only slightly worse for the transfer route. Only ozone depletion potential is way higher for the direct growth route (due to the use of CHF3). We chose the transfer route, because bringing the direct growth inventories into our model may cause an unfair representation of the ozone depletion category. (In Pallas2020, Table4 impacts of the two routes are compared)
Reference flow
Emissions
1 row
Elementary flows emitted from the dataset to the environment.
Exchange
Reference / categories
Amount
Unit
Metadata
Climate change contribution
VOC, volatile organic compounds
air
0.23
kilogram
-
0mol H+-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0kg CO2-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.440979CTUe / square meter
0.0% of total
0kg P-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0kg N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0mol N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
1.1749e-08CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
0kBq U235-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0dimensionless / square meter
0.0% of total
0kg CFC-11-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0disease incidence / square meter
0.0% of total
0.05405kg NMVOC-Eq / square meter
1.2% of total
0MJ, net calorific value / square meter
0.0% of total
0kg Sb-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0m3 world Eq deprived / square meter
0.0% of total
EF biosphere factor
Inputs
Technosphere inputs
8 rows
Linked foreground or background product inputs used by this dataset.
changed "liquid acetone production" to "market for acetone"
0.000745124mol H+-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.138568kg CO2-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.101787CTUe / square meter
0.0% of total
9.2654e-06kg P-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.000107659kg N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.00117675mol N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
1.3907e-11CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
2.1894e-10CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
6.5295e-05kBq U235-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.00148195dimensionless / square meter
0.0% of total
6.5749e-12kg CFC-11-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
6.6757e-09disease incidence / square meter
0.0% of total
0.000537314kg NMVOC-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
3.80575MJ, net calorific value / square meter
0.0% of total
1.0370e-07kg Sb-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
8.6065e-05m3 world Eq deprived / square meter
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
isopropanol production
RER
isopropanol
0.06
kilogram
-
0.000390613mol H+-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.112583kg CO2-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.180009CTUe / square meter
0.0% of total
9.3312e-06kg P-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
5.6256e-05kg N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.000597476mol N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
2.1446e-11CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
3.3123e-10CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
0.00729607kBq U235-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.100168dimensionless / square meter
0.0% of total
1.2081e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
3.8523e-09disease incidence / square meter
0.0% of total
0.000471825kg NMVOC-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
3.54276MJ, net calorific value / square meter
0.0% of total
2.4489e-07kg Sb-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.0147592m3 world Eq deprived / square meter
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
chemical production, organic
GLO
chemical, organic
5.60e-04
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
changed "organic resist" to "chemical, organic"
3.4404e-06mol H+-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.00110473kg CO2-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.00494782CTUe / square meter
0.0% of total
1.2260e-07kg P-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
6.2182e-07kg N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
7.6939e-06mol N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
4.1269e-13CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
7.0462e-12CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
0.000101397kBq U235-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.00111359dimensionless / square meter
0.0% of total
7.2093e-11kg CFC-11-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
4.1302e-11disease incidence / square meter
0.0% of total
3.3414e-06kg NMVOC-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.0325916MJ, net calorific value / square meter
0.0% of total
2.9858e-09kg Sb-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.000137097m3 world Eq deprived / square meter
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
potassium carbonate production, from potassium hydroxide
GLO
potassium carbonate
0.13
kilogram
-
0.000626359mol H+-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.242594kg CO2-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
14.9294CTUe / square meter
0.0% of total
0.000101405kg P-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.00013397kg N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.00126526mol N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
1.4902e-10CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
2.9569e-09CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
0.113541kBq U235-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
1.14212dimensionless / square meter
0.0% of total
6.0909e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
4.7763e-09disease incidence / square meter
0.0% of total
0.000507488kg NMVOC-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
3.98364MJ, net calorific value / square meter
0.0% of total
1.4384e-06kg Sb-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.100532m3 world Eq deprived / square meter
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market for water, deionised
Europe without Switzerland
water, deionised
16
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
changed "Water production deionised, from tap water, at user" to "market for water, deionised"
2.7841e-05mol H+-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.0080885kg CO2-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
1.29985CTUe / square meter
0.0% of total
5.5841e-06kg P-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
6.3177e-06kg N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
5.3960e-05mol N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
1.1163e-11CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
4.0184e-10CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
0.0112549kBq U235-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.121269dimensionless / square meter
0.0% of total
5.5638e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
2.8005e-10disease incidence / square meter
0.0% of total
1.9092e-05kg NMVOC-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.183392MJ, net calorific value / square meter
0.0% of total
1.3305e-07kg Sb-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
0.00774119m3 world Eq deprived / square meter
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market group for electricity, medium voltage
RER
electricity, medium voltage
13
kilowatt hour
-
0.0148358mol H+-Eq / square meter
0.3% of total
4.14998kg CO2-Eq / square meter
0.2% of total
17.3221CTUe / square meter
0.0% of total
0.00308777kg P-Eq / square meter
0.3% of total
0.00325894kg N-Eq / square meter
0.1% of total
0.0281553mol N-Eq / square meter
0.2% of total
3.0418e-09CTUh / square meter
0.1% of total
2.7123e-08CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
4.58759kBq U235-Eq / square meter
0.1% of total
23.1178dimensionless / square meter
0.3% of total
1.0839e-07kg CFC-11-Eq / square meter
0.1% of total
1.0609e-07disease incidence / square meter
0.2% of total
0.00918322kg NMVOC-Eq / square meter
0.2% of total
93.0706MJ, net calorific value / square meter
0.2% of total
4.0831e-06kg Sb-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
1.15889m3 world Eq deprived / square meter
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
treatment of hazardous waste, hazardous waste incineration
Europe without Switzerland
hazardous waste, for incineration
-0.25
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
changed "liquid waste" to "hazardous waste, for incineration"
-0.000520093mol H+-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
-0.589528kg CO2-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
-8.83153CTUe / square meter
0.0% of total
-0.000169272kg P-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
-0.000146741kg N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
-0.0013521mol N-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
-3.9910e-10CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
-5.9543e-09CTUh / square meter
0.0% of total
-0.0457599kBq U235-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
-0.523592dimensionless / square meter
0.0% of total
-5.3736e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
-5.3924e-09disease incidence / square meter
0.0% of total
-0.000607047kg NMVOC-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
-2.8228MJ, net calorific value / square meter
0.0% of total
-1.0778e-06kg Sb-Eq / square meter
0.0% of total
-0.0553774m3 world Eq deprived / square meter
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
Parameters
Read-only definitions preserved with this inventory version. Values are supplied by the source; CLIC does not evaluate formulas or recalculate exchange amounts and impact scores from them.
No parameter definitions were supplied with this inventory snapshot.
Supply-chain graph
Direct technosphere and natural-resource inputs appear on the left; emissions appear on the right.
Current datasetTechnosphere inputsEnvironmental resource inputsEmissions
2 CLIC nodes
and 8 background boundary nodes shown.
Direct inputs appear to the left of the current dataset, while emissions appear to the right. Hover an arrow to inspect its amount and unit, click a blue supplier node to reveal up to three upstream steps, or click an emissions node to open its biosphere flows, then scroll or drag the canvas to navigate.
Evidence and scrutiny
Quality & review
Assess representativeness and read the public record of the scientific review.
Quality and maturity detailsExpandCollapse
Quality and maturity
TRL scaleHigher is more mature.9: routine commercial deployment8: commercial, but still niche or scaling7: first-commercial or advanced demonstration6: engineering-scale demonstration5: pilot or large prototype4: bench or lab validated3: research-stage conceptTechnology readiness level
123456789
earlymature
1 to 5 scaleLower is better.1: strong market- or operating-data basis2: commercially plausible, but still somewhat specific3: partly representative, with modelling or adaptation bias4: pilot, proxy-based, scaled-up, or prospective5: weak representation of the real technology stateTechnological representativeness
12345
strongweak
1 to 5 scaleLower is better.1: geography matches the claimed scope well2: regionally credible, but broader or less exact3: generic regional or global proxy4: weak proxy or clear geographic mismatch5: geography is effectively unsupportedGeographical representativeness
12345
strongweak
1 to 5 scaleLower is better.1: current for that technology class2: slightly dated, but still good3: dated enough to need caution4: stale, pilot-era, or prospective relative to current practice5: clearly not representative of the current stateTemporal representativeness
Representativeness scores use a 1–5 scale when provided. Lower scores indicate a closer fit to the modeled technology, geography, or time period.
Public review record
Curator-led bulk import. Public evidence is shown without participant
accounts, assignments, recommendations, or private editor notes.
Show reviewHide review
Publication route
Curator-led bulk import
This inventory was restored from a public CLIC archive. Its original publication route is Curator-led bulk import; private review and workflow records were not transferred.
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