CLIC Curated Life cycle Inventory Collection

Graphite

natural graphite concentration

Reference product graphite ore, concentrated CN

Published Version 1.0.1 Latest published

Stable dataset identity natural-graphite-concentration

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Unit
kilogram
Reuse license
CC BY 4.0
Published
2026-11-09
Version
1.0.1
Technology maturity
See quality profile

Published inventory

Overview

Process description and catalog context. View scientific metadata

Description

Production reference for 1 kg of the declared product through flotation concentration of graphite ore. The recorded stage and its upstream purchases define the represented scope.

Dataset details

Classification, keywords, bookmarks and download counts.

Classification
Graphite (materials/carbon-materials/graphite)
Bookmarks
0
Raw file downloads
0
Generated export downloads
0

Classification path: Materials > Carbon materials > Graphite

Keywords

  • carbon materials
  • graphite
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Metadata & sources Methods, scope, reference years, publications, contributors, projects and funding.

Source

Source documentation, background profiles and references.

Scientific journal publication

Philipp Engels; Felipe Cerdas; Tina Dettmer; Christoph Frey; Jan Hentschel; Christoph Herrmann; Tina Mirfabrikikar; Maximilian Schueler (2022). Life cycle assessment of natural graphite production for lithium-ion battery anodes based on industrial primary data. Journal of Cleaner Production336,130474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474

Background database
ecoinvent / 3.9
Background system model
cut-off
Biosphere database
ecoinvent / 3.9

These are the stored source profiles for this version. Foreground methodology is recorded in Scientific metadata.

External references

Scientific metadata

Reference years, modelling and allocation methods, contributors, publications, projects and funding.

Declarations describe this version's foreground inventory. Missing information is not evidence of a particular allocation method or data origin.

Source publication year
2022
Inventory reference year
2019
Foreground modelling approach
Not specified
Allocated product inventory
Not specified
Allocation or multifunctionality treatment
Not specified
Inventory contributions
Not specified
Projects
Not specified
Funding
Not specified
Methodology notes
Source and reference basis
The natural-graphite study uses primary 2019 Chinese industrial data and was published in 2022. Its functional unit is 1,000 kg coated material; these CLIC stages each output 1 kg. 2019 is a foreground reference, not proof that all backgrounds or observations span that exact year. The original supplementary Tables 4–8 were recovered; the main full text, allocation rule and full acknowledgments remain access/follow-up limits.

Current stage basis
Concentration of 1 kg of 95% graphite from 9.59 kg of 11% ore, with the recorded electricity, diesel, coal drying, 22.027 kg water, emissions, wastewater, tailings and ore transport.

Water emission basis
Source Table 5 reports 320.145 kg steam per 1,000 kg concentrate. The declared 3.9 biosphere reference is Water to air in cubic metres; its input is 0.00032014500000000003 m³/kg on a liquid-water-equivalent basis, rather than gas-state steam volume. The 22.027 − 21.707 kg water/wastewater difference is approximately 0.320 kg, consistent with this convention and the other steam rows. Official ecoinvent 3.10 change documentation corroborates the kg/m³ convention; it does not establish a profile migration or graphite erratum.

Archived product reference
The declared product label is “graphite ore, concentrated” (kilogram). The declared reference and profiles are retained. Unchanged exchanges retain their archived uncertainty; changed exchanges follow the stated bounded correction.
Process type
Unit process: black box
System boundary
The recorded manufacturing/intermediate node and its upstream material/utility suppliers per kilogram of the declared output. This stage alone is not a complete battery-anode or battery lifecycle; coproducts, treatment and delivery follow their existing declared boundaries.
Technology description
Flotation concentration of graphite ore, using the source and compiler conventions documented below.
Intended application
Stage-specific graphite modelling with the declared product grade, yield, upstream adaptation and unresolved allocation/emission scope retained.
Use limitations
Coverage and reference conventions
Source rows for pine oil, ceramic media, aqueous reagent releases and mining/spheronization/coating wastes are missing or unresolved. The 0.917 kg Ca-sludge/kg purified graphite may overlap wastewater-treatment sludge, so no additional waste purchase is inferred. Tovex is an explicit ammonium-nitrate/ANFO proxy; the source's additional diesel must not be appended blindly. Unspecified graphite dust does not establish a >10 µm particle class. Acid active mass/solution strength, CaO/lime grade, natural-gas supply versus combustion, 38.3 MJ/m³ and 43.4 MJ/kg compiler properties, liquid-nitrogen supply and source min/max uncertainty remain qualified. Reported ± ranges are not demonstrated Gaussian standard deviations.

Allocation and logistics
Spheronization reports 1 kg sphere plus 1.215 kg fines from 2.22 kg concentrate; CLIC charges all feed to the sphere without an explicit fines output. Main-text allocation must be recovered before adding credits or waste purchases. Purification's 0.35 tkm/kg does not reproduce nominal acid/lime/sludge legs of 0.168 + 0.020 + 0.002751 = 0.190751 tkm/kg; concentrations and waste ownership remain unresolved. Coating sea freight of 10 tkm/kg is an additional compiler delivery assumption rather than a recovered Table 8 amount.
Data origins
Literature
Other fields not yet completed (5)

Data period start year, Data period end year, Valid until year, Multifunctionality applicable, Included life cycle stages

Publications (1)
Citation
Philipp Engels; Felipe Cerdas; Tina Dettmer; Christoph Frey; Jan Hentschel; Christoph Herrmann; Tina Mirfabrikikar; Maximilian Schueler (2022). Life cycle assessment of natural graphite production for lithium-ion battery anodes based on industrial primary data. Journal of Cleaner Production336,130474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Title
Life cycle assessment of natural graphite production for lithium-ion battery anodes based on industrial primary data
Doi
10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Url
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Source type
Scientific journal
Publication year
2022
Relation
Primary source
Authors
Philipp Engels · 0000-0003-3786-4729; Felipe Cerdas; Tina Dettmer; Christoph Frey; Jan Hentschel; Christoph Herrmann; Tina Mirfabrikikar; Maximilian Schueler · 0000-0001-7944-7478
Evidence and qualifications (17)
Target field
data_origins
Origin
Source import
Source reference
Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location
source
Qualification
Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance.
Target field
publications
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FJ.JCLEPRO.2022.130474
Source location
DOI registration: title, publication dates and byline
Qualification
Bibliographic details refer to this explicitly cited DOI. Existing citation text is retained, including any additional sources. Publication year does not establish the inventory reference year; publication authors are not assigned as inventory compilers.
Target field
publications
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0959652622001172-mmc1.docx
Source location
Original byline and historical affiliations
Qualification
Reconcile TU Braunschweig/IWF/BLB at the university parent, and TH Lübeck separately. Volkswagen AG (01f3bhg26) differs from Volkswagen Foundation (03bsmfz84); publisher preview acknowledges Volkswagen Group Components as source-study support. This does not prove financing of the CLIC adaptations. ProGraphite GmbH is not Graphit Kropfmühl. Canterbury NZ (03y7q9t39) differs from Kent; Manchester UK (027m9bs27) differs from Manchester University USA (02aswte26). Commercial ProGraphite/CarbonScape/Minviro have no exact ROR match in the scoped lookup; keep identifiers blank. No funding/project operations are inferred from employers or registry silence.
Target field
methodology_notes
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0959652622001172-mmc1.docx
Source location
Original Tables4–8
Qualification
Natural graphite: primary2019 Chinese industrial inventory, published2022. The source functional unit is1000kg coated material; CLIC stages each output1kg. Use2019 only as foreground reference year, not a claim that all background data or observations span exactly that year. Main full text remains unavailable locally; original SI Tables4–8 are recovered. Allocation and full acknowledgments require follow-up. Tovex is an explicit proxy for source ammonium nitrate/ANFO; the source's extra diesel additive must not be appended blindly. Unspecified graphite dust does not establish a>10um particle class. Acid active-substance versus solution strength, CaO/lime grade, raw natural-gas supply versus combustion,38.3MJ/m3 and43.4MJ/kg compiler assumptions, liquid nitrogen and source min/max uncertainty ranges remain qualified. Source ±ranges are not demonstrated Gaussian standard deviations. Supplier identities, compartments, allocation and uncertainty require review; source result values are not calculated CLIC impacts.
Target field
inventory_reference_year
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652622001172
Source location
Publisher abstract: Chinese industrial primary data from2019
Qualification
Natural graphite: primary2019 Chinese industrial inventory, published2022. The source functional unit is1000kg coated material; CLIC stages each output1kg. Use2019 only as foreground reference year, not a claim that all background data or observations span exactly that year. Main full text remains unavailable locally; original SI Tables4–8 are recovered. Allocation and full acknowledgments require follow-up.
Target field
technology_description
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Source location
Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification
Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Target field
technology_description
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Source location
Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification
Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Target field
technology_description
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Source location
Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification
Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Target field
technology_description
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Source location
Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification
Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Target field
technology_description
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Source location
Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification
Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Target field
technology_description
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Source location
Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification
Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Target field
technology_description
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Source location
Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Qualification
Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Target field
technology_description
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Source location
Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Qualification
Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Commercial maturity stage: mature_commercial. Basis: Retain mature-commercial/TRL9as a qualified curator assessment of established underlying graphite/mining/refining or lithium material/supply route classes. The source does not assign a literal TRL9to every exact retained supplier recipe, market blend, purity or hydration grade; this is not an independent current deployment audit. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Target field
technology_description
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Source location
Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Qualification
Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Technology readiness level: 9. Basis: Retain mature-commercial/TRL9as a qualified curator assessment of established underlying graphite/mining/refining or lithium material/supply route classes. The source does not assign a literal TRL9to every exact retained supplier recipe, market blend, purity or hydration grade; this is not an independent current deployment audit. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Target field
technology_description
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Source location
Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Qualification
Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Technological representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator source-specific score3for industrial natural-graphite or transferred lithium conversion data with current recipe/provider gaps; score4for indicative generalized synthetic graphite or mixed market models. Source authorquality rubric is recorded separately; current omissions and supplier substitutions are not certified away. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Target field
technology_description
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Source location
Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Qualification
Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Geographical representativeness: 2. Basis: Curator2for Chinese source industrial natural graphite retained in a country-labelled model with provider transfers; at least3for generic synthetic/lithium transfers or mixed markets. Keep existing marketproxy4. Author geographic correlation1does not prove complete current supplier/factory-population coverage. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Target field
technology_description
Origin
Editor verification
Source reference
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Source location
Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Qualification
Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Curator historical/mixed score4for source data with incomplete common measurement period, older public-process assumptions or planned/output mix.2021/2022publication and natural-source post2010validity rubric do not establish current inventory or annual-production year. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Technology characterization Scale, utilization, production, lifetime, technology readiness and representativeness.
Commercial maturity stage
Mature commercial
Design capacity
Not provided
Design capacity unit
Not provided
Capacity factor
Not provided
Annual production volume
Not provided
Annual production volume unit
Not provided
Annual production volume year
Not provided
Plant lifetime
Not provided
TRL scale Higher is more mature. 9: routine commercial deployment 8: commercial, but still niche or scaling 7: first-commercial or advanced demonstration 6: engineering-scale demonstration 5: pilot or large prototype 4: bench or lab validated 3: research-stage concept Technology readiness level
1 to 5 scale Lower is better. 1: strong market- or operating-data basis 2: commercially plausible, but still somewhat specific 3: partly representative, with modelling or adaptation bias 4: pilot, proxy-based, scaled-up, or prospective 5: weak representation of the real technology state Technological representativeness
1 to 5 scale Lower is better. 1: geography matches the claimed scope well 2: regionally credible, but broader or less exact 3: generic regional or global proxy 4: weak proxy or clear geographic mismatch 5: geography is effectively unsupported Geographical representativeness
1 to 5 scale Lower is better. 1: current for that technology class 2: slightly dated, but still good 3: dated enough to need caution 4: stale, pilot-era, or prospective relative to current practice 5: clearly not representative of the current state Temporal representativeness

Missing exchange uncertainty generation: Not requested

Representativeness scores use a 1–5 scale when provided. Lower scores indicate a closer fit to the modeled technology, geography, or time period.

Inventory & impacts 12 exchanges · exchange table, supply-chain graph and environmental screening.

Precalculated screening profile

Environmental impacts

Results per kilogram, using UVEK 2025 and the ecoinvent 3.10 biosphere. Exchange rows are shaded from green to red by relative contribution to the selected indicator.

Climate change 0.745001 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
Screening result

This screening result uses Brightpath mappings from the source background to UVEK 2025; mapped suppliers are not claims of scientific equivalence.

Show all 16 indicator totals
Acidification 0.00174225 mol H+-Eq / kilogram
Climate change 0.745001 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
Freshwater ecotoxicity 0.783164 CTUe / kilogram
Freshwater eutrophication 9.0711e-05 kg P-Eq / kilogram
Marine eutrophication 0.000384003 kg N-Eq / kilogram
Terrestrial eutrophication 0.00858799 mol N-Eq / kilogram
Human toxicity, cancer 2.5099e-10 CTUh / kilogram
Human toxicity, non-cancer 4.3746e-09 CTUh / kilogram
Ionising radiation 0.0535112 kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
Land use -4.45036 dimensionless / kilogram
Ozone depletion 6.4513e-09 kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
Particulate matter 9.5692e-09 disease incidence / kilogram
Photochemical ozone formation 0.00239276 kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
Resource use, fossils 7.52613 MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
Resource use, minerals and metals 2.8187e-07 kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
Water use 0.108593 m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
Calculation details

Profile uvek-2025-ef-v3-1-4e70d56a85b1 · artifact 4e70d56a85b1 · calculated 2026-11-09 12:49 UTC. These screening results do not replace a reviewed comparative LCA.

Dataset contents

Reference flows, emissions, technosphere inputs, and natural resources in this published snapshot.

Outputs

Reference flow 1 row Reference production exchanges extracted from the uploaded inventory.
Exchange Reference / categories Amount Unit Metadata Climate change contribution
natural graphite concentration
CN
graphite ore, concentrated
1
kilogram - Reference flow
Emissions 2 rows Elementary flows emitted from the dataset to the environment.
Exchange Reference / categories Amount Unit Metadata Climate change contribution
Carbon dioxide, fossil
air
0.18
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
64.407 kg CO2/t
0.18333 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 24.6% of total
EF biosphere factor
Water
air
3.20e-04
cubic meter
Metadata (1)
Comment
Source-supported unit/reference-basis correction. Original SI Table5 Steam(H2O), from drying:320.145kg per1000kgconcentrate. The exact3.9biosphere flow is Water toair,cubic meter. Convert water mass to liquid-equivalent volume, not gas-state steam volume. Official ecoinvent3.10change documentation corroborates the kg/m3convention; it is not a graphite erratum or permission to change the declared3.9profile.
0 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.0% of total
EF biosphere factor

Inputs

Technosphere inputs 9 rows Linked foreground or background product inputs used by this dataset.
Exchange Reference / categories Amount Unit Metadata Climate change contribution
market group for electricity, medium voltage
CN
electricity, medium voltage
0.51
kilowatt hour
Metadata (1)
Comment
506 kWh/t
0.362631 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 48.7% of total
BAFU:2025
market for diesel, burned in building machine
GLO
diesel, burned in building machine
0.04
megajoule
Metadata (1)
Comment
0.996 kg/t, for bulldozer
0.00453022 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.6% of total
BAFU:2025
market for hard coal
CN
hard coal
0.05
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
50 kg/t, for drying the concentrate
0.0123068 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 1.7% of total
BAFU:2025
graphite ore mining
CN
graphite ore, mined
9.59
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
9590 kg/t, carbon content of 11%
0.163089 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 21.9% of total
CLIC v1.0.0
market for diesel
RoW
diesel
1.55e-03
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
1.551 kg/t, used as collector in flotation
0.00141208 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.2% of total
BAFU:2025
market for tap water
RoW
tap water
22.03
kilogram
Metadata (1)
Comment
22.027 m3/t
0.00296832 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.4% of total
BAFU:2025
market for wastewater, average
RoW
wastewater, average
-0.02
cubic meter
Metadata (1)
Comment
21.707 m3/t
-0.00599257 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram -0.8% of total
BAFU:2025
treatment of non-sulfidic tailing, off-site
GLO
non-sulfidic tailing, off-site
-8.6
kilogram -
0 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified
RoW
transport, freight, lorry, unspecified
0.02
ton kilometer
Metadata (1)
Comment
transport of ore over 2 km
0.0207263 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 2.8% of total
BAFU:2025
Parameters 0 source definitions · values, formulas and uncertainty.

Read-only definitions preserved with this inventory version. Values are supplied by the source; CLIC does not evaluate formulas or recalculate exchange amounts and impact scores from them.

No parameter definitions were supplied with this inventory snapshot.

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Raw uploaded files 0 files preserved with this version.
Original uploaded files were not included in the inventory archive. Generated inventory exports remain available.
Versions & changes 2 versions · change rationale, release notes and comparisons.

Version history

Published versions are immutable and remain available.

Oldest to newest. Arrows show recorded revision links; each node describes the change introduced by that version.

  • Version 1.0.1 revises version 1.0.0.
  1. Version 1.0.0
    Published

    First published inventory; no earlier version is available for comparison.

    Superseded
  2. Version 1.0.1
    Published

    Curator-approved inventory correction; source evidence and assumptions are retained in the dataset metadata.

    Published · Viewing · Latest
Show full version history table (2 versions)
Version Published Reason for this version Link
Version 1.0.1 2026-11-09 Curator-approved inventory correction; source evidence and assumptions are retained in the dataset metadata. Current view
Version 1.0.0 Superseded Published 2026-07-15 First published inventory; no earlier version is available for comparison. Open version
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About this version

Why this version changed

Curator-approved inventory correction; source evidence and assumptions are retained in the dataset metadata.

Changes from version 1.0.0 Compare this version with its predecessor. Exchanges are grouped by type and change; biosphere labels include their environmental compartments. Open the base version. Show changes Hide changes

Why this version changed

Curator-approved inventory correction; source evidence and assumptions are retained in the dataset metadata.

Public revision record

This comparison is permanently visible with the published version so users can assess every detected change before reuse.

Modified exchanges
2
Added exchanges
0
Removed exchanges
0
Inventory metadata
2
Version metadata
2
Biosphere exchanges modified 1
Biosphere exchanges modified
Exchange / scope Field Previous value Revised value Reason
Water (biosphere / air / cubic meter) Amount 0.32014499999999996 0.00032014500000000003 No explanation was recorded for this change.
Inventory comment 320.145 kg, as steam to air Source-supported unit/reference-basis correction. Original SI Table5 Steam(H2O), from drying:320.145kg per1000kgconcentrate. The exact3.9biosphere flow is Water toair,cubic meter. Convert water mass to liquid-equivalent volume, not gas-state steam volume. Official ecoinvent3.10change documentation corroborates the kg/m3convention; it is not a graphite erratum or permission to change the declared3.9profile.
Reference flows modified 1
Reference flows modified
Exchange / scope Field Previous value Revised value Reason
natural graphite concentration (production / CN / kilogram) Linked database record graphite / 3a23cfada0d34401811be4d22a57a5bc CLIC curated update 2026-11 / clic-0604ef8138af5fbe8429a16048ec8db7 No explanation was recorded for this change.
Metadata changes 4
Metadata changes
Exchange / scope Field Previous value Revised value Reason
Inventory file Code 3a23cfada0d34401811be4d22a57a5bc clic-0604ef8138af5fbe8429a16048ec8db7 No explanation was recorded for this change.
Inventory file Database graphite CLIC curated update 2026-11
Version metadata Methodology and allocation explanation Source and reference basis
The natural-graphite study uses primary 2019 Chinese industrial data and was published in 2022. Its functional unit is 1,000 kg coated material; these CLIC stages each output 1 kg. 2019 is a foreground reference, not proof that all backgrounds or observations span that exact year. The original supplementary Tables 4–8 were recovered; the main full text, allocation rule and full acknowledgments remain access/follow-up limits.

Current stage basis
Concentration of 1 kg of 95% graphite from 9.59 kg of 11% ore, with the recorded electricity, diesel, coal drying, 22.027 kg water, emissions, wastewater, tailings and ore transport.

Water-to-air units
Source Table 5 reports 320.145 kg steam per 1,000 kg concentrate. The exact declared 3.9 biosphere reference is Water to air in cubic metres. The archived amount and the source-normalized liquid-water-equivalent volume, respectively, are (the latter is not gas-state steam volume): 0.32014499999999996 → 0.00032014500000000003 m³/kg. The 22.027 − 21.707 kg water/wastewater difference is approximately 0.320 kg and the other steam rows use the same convention. Official ecoinvent 3.10 change documentation corroborates the kg/m³ convention, not a profile migration or graphite erratum. The archived amount remains the current inventory value.

Archived product reference
The declared product label is “graphite ore, concentrated” (kilogram). Its original reference, quantities, profiles, uncertainty and linked identities are retained.		 Source and reference basis
The natural-graphite study uses primary 2019 Chinese industrial data and was published in 2022. Its functional unit is 1,000 kg coated material; these CLIC stages each output 1 kg. 2019 is a foreground reference, not proof that all backgrounds or observations span that exact year. The original supplementary Tables 4–8 were recovered; the main full text, allocation rule and full acknowledgments remain access/follow-up limits.

Current stage basis
Concentration of 1 kg of 95% graphite from 9.59 kg of 11% ore, with the recorded electricity, diesel, coal drying, 22.027 kg water, emissions, wastewater, tailings and ore transport.

Water emission basis
Source Table 5 reports 320.145 kg steam per 1,000 kg concentrate. The declared 3.9 biosphere reference is Water to air in cubic metres; its input is 0.00032014500000000003 m³/kg on a liquid-water-equivalent basis, rather than gas-state steam volume. The 22.027 − 21.707 kg water/wastewater difference is approximately 0.320 kg, consistent with this convention and the other steam rows. Official ecoinvent 3.10 change documentation corroborates the kg/m³ convention; it does not establish a profile migration or graphite erratum.

Archived product reference
The declared product label is “graphite ore, concentrated” (kilogram). The declared reference and profiles are retained. Unchanged exchanges retain their archived uncertainty; changed exchanges follow the stated bounded correction.
Version metadata Contributors, publications, projects and supporting evidence Evidence: 1. Origin: source_import
Evidence: 1. Target field: data_origins
Evidence: 1. Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance.
Evidence: 1. Source location: source
Evidence: 1. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Evidence: 2. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 2. Target field: publications
Evidence: 2. Qualification: Bibliographic details refer to this explicitly cited DOI. Existing citation text is retained, including any additional sources. Publication year does not establish the inventory reference year; publication authors are not assigned as inventory compilers.
Evidence: 2. Source location: DOI registration: title, publication dates and byline
Evidence: 2. Source reference: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FJ.JCLEPRO.2022.130474
Evidence: 3. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 3. Target field: publications
Evidence: 3. Qualification: Reconcile TU Braunschweig/IWF/BLB at the university parent, and TH Lübeck separately. Volkswagen AG (01f3bhg26) differs from Volkswagen Foundation (03bsmfz84); publisher preview acknowledges Volkswagen Group Components as source-study support. This does not prove financing of the CLIC adaptations. ProGraphite GmbH is not Graphit Kropfmühl. Canterbury NZ (03y7q9t39) differs from Kent; Manchester UK (027m9bs27) differs from Manchester University USA (02aswte26). Commercial ProGraphite/CarbonScape/Minviro have no exact ROR match in the scoped lookup; keep identifiers blank. No funding/project operations are inferred from employers or registry silence.
Evidence: 3. Source location: Original byline and historical affiliations
Evidence: 3. Source reference: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0959652622001172-mmc1.docx
Evidence: 4. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 4. Target field: methodology_notes
Evidence: 4. Qualification: Natural graphite: primary2019 Chinese industrial inventory, published2022. The source functional unit is1000kg coated material; CLIC stages each output1kg. Use2019 only as foreground reference year, not a claim that all background data or observations span exactly that year. Main full text remains unavailable locally; original SI Tables4–8 are recovered. Allocation and full acknowledgments require follow-up. Tovex is an explicit proxy for source ammonium nitrate/ANFO; the source's extra diesel additive must not be appended blindly. Unspecified graphite dust does not establish a>10um particle class. Acid active-substance versus solution strength, CaO/lime grade, raw natural-gas supply versus combustion,38.3MJ/m3 and43.4MJ/kg compiler assumptions, liquid nitrogen and source min/max uncertainty ranges remain qualified. Source ±ranges are not demonstrated Gaussian standard deviations. Supplier identities, compartments, allocation and uncertainty require review; source result values are not calculated CLIC impacts.
Evidence: 4. Source location: Original Tables4–8
Evidence: 4. Source reference: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0959652622001172-mmc1.docx
Evidence: 5. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 5. Target field: inventory_reference_year
Evidence: 5. Qualification: Natural graphite: primary2019 Chinese industrial inventory, published2022. The source functional unit is1000kg coated material; CLIC stages each output1kg. Use2019 only as foreground reference year, not a claim that all background data or observations span exactly that year. Main full text remains unavailable locally; original SI Tables4–8 are recovered. Allocation and full acknowledgments require follow-up.
Evidence: 5. Source location: Publisher abstract: Chinese industrial primary data from2019
Evidence: 5. Source reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652622001172
Evidence: 6. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 6. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 6. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2005. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 6. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 6. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 7. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 7. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 7. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2005. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 7. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 7. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 8. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 8. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 8. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2005. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 8. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 8. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 9. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 9. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 9. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2005. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 9. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 9. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 10. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 10. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 10. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2005. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 10. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 10. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 11. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 11. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 11. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2005. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 11. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 11. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 12. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 12. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 12. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2005. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 12. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 12. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 13. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 13. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 13. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2005. Commercial maturity stage: mature_commercial. Basis: Retain mature-commercial/TRL9as a qualified curator assessment of established underlying graphite/mining/refining or lithium material/supply route classes. The source does not assign a literal TRL9to every exact retained supplier recipe, market blend, purity or hydration grade; this is not an independent current deployment audit. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 13. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Evidence: 13. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 14. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 14. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 14. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2005. Technology readiness level: 9. Basis: Retain mature-commercial/TRL9as a qualified curator assessment of established underlying graphite/mining/refining or lithium material/supply route classes. The source does not assign a literal TRL9to every exact retained supplier recipe, market blend, purity or hydration grade; this is not an independent current deployment audit. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 14. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Evidence: 14. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 15. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 15. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 15. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2005. Technological representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator source-specific score3for industrial natural-graphite or transferred lithium conversion data with current recipe/provider gaps; score4for indicative generalized synthetic graphite or mixed market models. Source authorquality rubric is recorded separately; current omissions and supplier substitutions are not certified away. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 15. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Evidence: 15. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 16. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 16. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 16. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2005. Geographical representativeness: 2. Basis: Curator2for Chinese source industrial natural graphite retained in a country-labelled model with provider transfers; at least3for generic synthetic/lithium transfers or mixed markets. Keep existing marketproxy4. Author geographic correlation1does not prove complete current supplier/factory-population coverage. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 16. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Evidence: 16. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 17. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 17. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 17. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-2005. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Curator historical/mixed score4for source data with incomplete common measurement period, older public-process assumptions or planned/output mix.2021/2022publication and natural-source post2010validity rubric do not establish current inventory or annual-production year. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 17. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Evidence: 17. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Publications: 1. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Publications: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Publications: 1. Title: Life cycle assessment of natural graphite production for lithium-ion battery anodes based on industrial primary data
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Philipp Engels
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: 0000-0003-3786-4729
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/010nsgg66
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Technische Universität Braunschweig
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Felipe Cerdas
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/010nsgg66
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Technische Universität Braunschweig
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Tina Dettmer
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/01f3bhg26
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.volkswagen-group.com/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: Volkswagen AG
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Name: Christoph Frey
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Orcid: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Ror: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Url: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Name: ProGraphite GmbH
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Name: Jan Hentschel
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Orcid: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/01f3bhg26
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.volkswagen-group.com/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Affiliations: 1. Name: Volkswagen AG
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 6. Name: Christoph Herrmann
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 6. Orcid: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 6. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/010nsgg66
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 6. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 6. Affiliations: 1. Name: Technische Universität Braunschweig
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Name: Tina Mirfabrikikar
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Orcid: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/010nsgg66
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Affiliations: 1. Name: Technische Universität Braunschweig
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/01f3bhg26
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.volkswagen-group.com/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Affiliations: 2. Name: Volkswagen AG
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Name: Maximilian Schueler
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Orcid: 0000-0001-7944-7478
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/01f3bhg26
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.volkswagen-group.com/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Affiliations: 1. Name: Volkswagen AG
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/032xqbj11
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.th-luebeck.de/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Affiliations: 2. Name: Technische Hochschule Lübeck
Publications: 1. Citation: Philipp Engels; Felipe Cerdas; Tina Dettmer; Christoph Frey; Jan Hentschel; Christoph Herrmann; Tina Mirfabrikikar; Maximilian Schueler (2022). Life cycle assessment of natural graphite production for lithium-ion battery anodes based on industrial primary data. Journal of Cleaner Production336,130474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Publications: 1. Relation: primary_source
Publications: 1. Source type: scientific_journal
Publications: 1. Publication year: 2022		 Evidence: 1. Origin: source_import
Evidence: 1. Target field: data_origins
Evidence: 1. Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance.
Evidence: 1. Source location: source
Evidence: 1. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Evidence: 2. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 2. Target field: publications
Evidence: 2. Qualification: Bibliographic details refer to this explicitly cited DOI. Existing citation text is retained, including any additional sources. Publication year does not establish the inventory reference year; publication authors are not assigned as inventory compilers.
Evidence: 2. Source location: DOI registration: title, publication dates and byline
Evidence: 2. Source reference: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2FJ.JCLEPRO.2022.130474
Evidence: 3. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 3. Target field: publications
Evidence: 3. Qualification: Reconcile TU Braunschweig/IWF/BLB at the university parent, and TH Lübeck separately. Volkswagen AG (01f3bhg26) differs from Volkswagen Foundation (03bsmfz84); publisher preview acknowledges Volkswagen Group Components as source-study support. This does not prove financing of the CLIC adaptations. ProGraphite GmbH is not Graphit Kropfmühl. Canterbury NZ (03y7q9t39) differs from Kent; Manchester UK (027m9bs27) differs from Manchester University USA (02aswte26). Commercial ProGraphite/CarbonScape/Minviro have no exact ROR match in the scoped lookup; keep identifiers blank. No funding/project operations are inferred from employers or registry silence.
Evidence: 3. Source location: Original byline and historical affiliations
Evidence: 3. Source reference: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0959652622001172-mmc1.docx
Evidence: 4. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 4. Target field: methodology_notes
Evidence: 4. Qualification: Natural graphite: primary2019 Chinese industrial inventory, published2022. The source functional unit is1000kg coated material; CLIC stages each output1kg. Use2019 only as foreground reference year, not a claim that all background data or observations span exactly that year. Main full text remains unavailable locally; original SI Tables4–8 are recovered. Allocation and full acknowledgments require follow-up. Tovex is an explicit proxy for source ammonium nitrate/ANFO; the source's extra diesel additive must not be appended blindly. Unspecified graphite dust does not establish a>10um particle class. Acid active-substance versus solution strength, CaO/lime grade, raw natural-gas supply versus combustion,38.3MJ/m3 and43.4MJ/kg compiler assumptions, liquid nitrogen and source min/max uncertainty ranges remain qualified. Source ±ranges are not demonstrated Gaussian standard deviations. Supplier identities, compartments, allocation and uncertainty require review; source result values are not calculated CLIC impacts.
Evidence: 4. Source location: Original Tables4–8
Evidence: 4. Source reference: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0959652622001172-mmc1.docx
Evidence: 5. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 5. Target field: inventory_reference_year
Evidence: 5. Qualification: Natural graphite: primary2019 Chinese industrial inventory, published2022. The source functional unit is1000kg coated material; CLIC stages each output1kg. Use2019 only as foreground reference year, not a claim that all background data or observations span exactly that year. Main full text remains unavailable locally; original SI Tables4–8 are recovered. Allocation and full acknowledgments require follow-up.
Evidence: 5. Source location: Publisher abstract: Chinese industrial primary data from2019
Evidence: 5. Source reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959652622001172
Evidence: 6. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 6. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 6. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 6. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 6. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 7. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 7. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 7. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 7. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 7. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 8. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 8. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 8. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 8. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 8. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 9. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 9. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 9. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 9. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 9. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 10. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 10. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 10. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 10. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 10. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 11. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 11. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 11. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 11. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 11. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 12. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 12. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 12. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: Own plant capacity, annual output, utilization and calendar life are not established by per kg recipes, source national/market/industrial scale, mixed planned/output blend weights, model/price/impact/permanence horizons or process yields. Preserve qualified source/model parameters separately. Evidence classification: industrial scale and normalized material inventory scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 12. Source location: Natural SI3-8; syntheticsection4.1/Table3; Kellymain/SIT ablesS1/S2andexactcurrentblend/conversion scope
Evidence: 12. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 13. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 13. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 13. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Commercial maturity stage: mature_commercial. Basis: Retain mature-commercial/TRL9as a qualified curator assessment of established underlying graphite/mining/refining or lithium material/supply route classes. The source does not assign a literal TRL9to every exact retained supplier recipe, market blend, purity or hydration grade; this is not an independent current deployment audit. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 13. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Evidence: 13. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 14. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 14. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 14. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Technology readiness level: 9. Basis: Retain mature-commercial/TRL9as a qualified curator assessment of established underlying graphite/mining/refining or lithium material/supply route classes. The source does not assign a literal TRL9to every exact retained supplier recipe, market blend, purity or hydration grade; this is not an independent current deployment audit. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 14. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Evidence: 14. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 15. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 15. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 15. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Technological representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator source-specific score3for industrial natural-graphite or transferred lithium conversion data with current recipe/provider gaps; score4for indicative generalized synthetic graphite or mixed market models. Source authorquality rubric is recorded separately; current omissions and supplier substitutions are not certified away. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 15. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Evidence: 15. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 16. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 16. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 16. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Geographical representativeness: 2. Basis: Curator2for Chinese source industrial natural graphite retained in a country-labelled model with provider transfers; at least3for generic synthetic/lithium transfers or mixed markets. Keep existing marketproxy4. Author geographic correlation1does not prove complete current supplier/factory-population coverage. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 16. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Evidence: 16. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Evidence: 17. Origin: editor_verification
Evidence: 17. Target field: technology_description
Evidence: 17. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review version-2005. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Curator historical/mixed score4for source data with incomplete common measurement period, older public-process assumptions or planned/output mix.2021/2022publication and natural-source post2010validity rubric do not establish current inventory or annual-production year. Evidence classification: source specific quality distinction and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.
Evidence: 17. Source location: Exact source-quality/source-boundary comparison in graphite-lithium-source-reading.json and prior editorial record
Evidence: 17. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Publications: 1. Doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Publications: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Publications: 1. Title: Life cycle assessment of natural graphite production for lithium-ion battery anodes based on industrial primary data
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Philipp Engels
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: 0000-0003-3786-4729
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/010nsgg66
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Technische Universität Braunschweig
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Felipe Cerdas
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/010nsgg66
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Technische Universität Braunschweig
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Tina Dettmer
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/01f3bhg26
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.volkswagen-group.com/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: Volkswagen AG
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Name: Christoph Frey
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Orcid: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Ror: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Url: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Name: ProGraphite GmbH
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Name: Jan Hentschel
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Orcid: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/01f3bhg26
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.volkswagen-group.com/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Affiliations: 1. Name: Volkswagen AG
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 6. Name: Christoph Herrmann
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 6. Orcid: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 6. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/010nsgg66
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 6. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 6. Affiliations: 1. Name: Technische Universität Braunschweig
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Name: Tina Mirfabrikikar
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Orcid: Not set
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/010nsgg66
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.tu-braunschweig.de/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Affiliations: 1. Name: Technische Universität Braunschweig
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/01f3bhg26
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.volkswagen-group.com/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 7. Affiliations: 2. Name: Volkswagen AG
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Name: Maximilian Schueler
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Orcid: 0000-0001-7944-7478
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/01f3bhg26
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.volkswagen-group.com/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Affiliations: 1. Name: Volkswagen AG
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/032xqbj11
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.th-luebeck.de/
Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 8. Affiliations: 2. Name: Technische Hochschule Lübeck
Publications: 1. Citation: Philipp Engels; Felipe Cerdas; Tina Dettmer; Christoph Frey; Jan Hentschel; Christoph Herrmann; Tina Mirfabrikikar; Maximilian Schueler (2022). Life cycle assessment of natural graphite production for lithium-ion battery anodes based on industrial primary data. Journal of Cleaner Production336,130474. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.130474
Publications: 1. Relation: primary_source
Publications: 1. Source type: scientific_journal
Publications: 1. Publication year: 2022
Review & discussion Publication provenance, scientific review and community discussion.
Public review record Curator-led bulk import. Public evidence is shown without participant accounts, assignments, recommendations, or private editor notes. Show review Hide review

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Curator-led bulk import

This inventory was restored from a public CLIC archive. Its original publication route is Curator-led bulk import; private review and workflow records were not transferred.

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