nickel plating

Metadata & sources Methods, scope, reference years, publications, contributors, projects and funding.

Scientific journal publication

Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Karlsson Potter, H., Hansson, P.-A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362

Background database: ecoinvent / 3.9
Background system model: cut-off
Biosphere database: ecoinvent / 3.9

These are the stored source profiles for this version. Foreground methodology is recorded in Scientific metadata.

External references

Publication DOI: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362

Declarations describe this version's foreground inventory. Missing information is not evidence of a particular allocation method or data origin.

Source publication year: 2024
Inventory reference year: Not specified
Foreground modelling approach: Not specified
Allocated product inventory: Not specified
Allocation or multifunctionality treatment: Not specified
Inventory contributions: Not specified
Methodology notes: Source model and dates
Zhang et al. was online on 11 December 2023 and issued in 2024. It models 21700 sodium-ion cells with layered-oxide NMMT, NVPF Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and Prussian-blue analogue NaPBA cathodes, each paired with fossil-pitch hard carbon. The 21 mm × 70 mm geometry is literature-modelled. The study assumes European manufacture, baseline 2020 and future 2030/2040/2050, REMIND SSP2-NDC (approximately 2.5°C) and SSP2-PkBudg500 (approximately 1.5°C), and baseline/optimal performance. Ecoinvent 3.8, premise/Activity Browser and IPCC 2013 GWP100 describe the source study rather than replacement CLIC profiles. Publication dates and scenarios are not input measurement years.

Current process reference
The archived production exchange is 1 square meter of “nickel plating”. All inputs retain that batch/reference basis. Normalization for comparison must use the process output rather than an assumed one-kilogram denominator.

Preserved nickel feed repair
Gross nickel feed is 0.00937 kg/m²; listed air/water emissions leave at most 0.009353626 kg before unknown residue nickel. Feed provision, emissions, water, electricity and residue remain unchanged.
System boundary: The recorded nickel plating foreground, upstream supplies and manufacturing or treatment services at its own declared output. The paper’s full raw-material-to-cell/use-performance boundary is not automatically the boundary of this partial node.
Technology description: Nickel plating, using the retained source recipe and subsequent CLIC adaptations.
Intended application: Use of the stated nickel plating reference within an explicitly assembled sodium-ion battery model, retaining chemistry, batch and nominal-versus-lifetime distinctions.
Use limitations: Reference and transfer limits
The paper evaluates 1 kWh delivered over battery lifetime with depth of discharge, cycles and roundtrip efficiency. A CLIC material, area, batch, module or nominal-capacity reference is a different denominator. Source end-of-life is excluded. Cached SM2 quantities/formulas do not validate chemical suppliers, emission compartments, uncertainty, yields or tested lifetime. Rounded 157/145/132 Wh/kg differ from exact model values 156.543/144.597/131.749 Wh/kg; nominal capacity receives no cycle-life multiplier.

Deposition limits
The feed boundary does not establish bath composition, thickness, deposition efficiency, residue composition or industrial design.
Data origins: Literature

Other fields not yet completed (6)

Data period start year, Data period end year, Valid until year, Multifunctionality applicable, Process type, Included life cycle stages

Publications (1)

Citation: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Karlsson Potter, H., Hansson, P.-A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Title: Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries
Doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Source type: Scientific journal
Publication year: 2024
Relation: Primary source
Authors: Shan Zhang · 0000-0002-7666-1222; Bernhard Steubing · 0000-0002-1307-6376; Hanna Karlsson Potter; Per-Anders Hansson; Åke Nordberg · 0000-0002-1662-9730

Projects (2)

Name: Mistra Food Futures
Url: https://mistra.org/program/mistra-food-futures/
Grant identifier: DIA 2018/24
Relation: Source study

Name: Zhang sodium-ion battery source study
Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Relation: Source study

Funding (2)

Organization: Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research · https://ror.org/00pyxrd04
Award identifier: DIA 2018/24
Project: Mistra Food Futures

Organization: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences · https://ror.org/02yy8x990
Project: Zhang sodium-ion battery source study

Evidence and qualifications (17)

Target field: data_origins
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: source
Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2023.107362
Source location: DOI registration: title, publication dates and byline
Qualification: Bibliographic details refer to this explicitly cited DOI. Existing citation text is retained, including any additional sources. Publication year does not establish the inventory reference year; publication authors are not assigned as inventory compilers.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://research.slu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/19076947/fulltext.pdf
Source location: Version-of-record p1 byline/dates/affiliations, p8 acknowledgments; SM2 and source-specific upstream references
Qualification: Five authors with historical SLU Uppsala and Leiden CML affiliations. Hanna Karlsson Potter retains her full family name. Online publication was in 2023; the journal issue is 2024. Publication authors are not assigned as CLIC compilers. Chemistry-specific capacity citations supersede generic shared-workbook attribution.

Target field: methodology_notes
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0921344923004962-mmc2.xlsx
Source location: SM2 inventory_chemical and battery dimensioning model, cached values with formula index; current archived references
Qualification: Zhang et al. (2024 issue; online 11 December 2023) model three 21700 cylindrical sodium-ion cells: layered-oxide NMMT, polyanionic NVPF Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and Prussian-blue analogue NaPBA, each with a fossil-pitch hard-carbon anode. The 21 mm × 70 mm geometry comes from a literature-based dimensioning model. This record supplies 1 square meter of nickel plating. The paper's functional unit is 1 kWh delivered over battery lifetime, accounting for depth of discharge, cycles and roundtrip efficiency. Its boundary covers raw materials, transport, precursors, components, manufacture and use performance; end-of-life is excluded. Battery production is assumed in Europe. Baseline 2020 and future 2030, 2040 and 2050 combine REMIND SSP2-NDC (~2.5°C) and SSP2-PkBudg500 (~1.5°C) with baseline and optimal battery performance. The source uses ecoinvent 3.8, premise and Activity Browser with IPCC 2013 GWP100. Source software roles and scenario years do not replace CLIC's recorded profiles or inventory year. SM2 cached quantities and formulas are retained with exact cell coordinates and normalized by each process output. Numerical agreement does not validate supplier chemistry, biosphere compartments, uncertainty, manufacturing yields or tested lifetime. Rounded baseline cell values of 157/145/132 Wh/kg differ from the exact modeled values of 156.543/144.597/131.749 Wh/kg. Nominal capacity requires no cycle-life multiplier. The 2024 publication issue does not date input measurements.

Target field: funding
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://research.slu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/19076947/fulltext.pdf
Source location: p8 acknowledgments, official Mistra programme and exact ROR records
Qualification: Support is acknowledged from SLU's Department of Energy and Technology and Mistra Food Futures (DIA 2018/24). The parent Mistra funder is distinct from the programme and from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research. No additional award suffix or direct funding of CLIC compilation is inferred. Acknowledged assistance does not establish authorship or funding.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Source location: fields/design_capacity; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Source location: fields/design_capacity_unit; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Source location: fields/capacity_factor_percent; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Source location: fields/annual_production_volume; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Source location: fields/annual_production_volume_unit; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Source location: fields/annual_production_volume_year; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Source location: fields/plant_lifetime_years; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Source location: Introduction, section2.2.1, Table4 and native SI2; sodium-ion-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Commercial maturity stage: Unspecified. Basis: The cell-type readiness does not independently establish an early-commercial/TRL8 (or inherited higher label) for this selected constituent synthesis or process recipe. The paper combines literature, upscaling and supplier proxies; leave standalone exact-process readiness unspecified rather than assign the host cell stage to it. Ordinary commercial chemical availability is not being denied. Evidence classification: primary source boundary and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Source location: Introduction, section2.2.1, Table4 and native SI2; sodium-ion-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Technology readiness level: Unspecified. Basis: The cell-type readiness does not independently establish an early-commercial/TRL8 (or inherited higher label) for this selected constituent synthesis or process recipe. The paper combines literature, upscaling and supplier proxies; leave standalone exact-process readiness unspecified rather than assign the host cell stage to it. Ordinary commercial chemical availability is not being denied. Evidence classification: primary source boundary and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Source location: Introduction, section2.2.1, Table4 and native SI2; sodium-ion-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Technological representativeness: 4. Basis: Retain or assign curator score4for prospective dimensioning and transferred/upscaled manufacturing or chemical process data. Exact material formulation and scenario performance are not measured industrial representativeness. Evidence classification: primary source boundary and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Source location: Introduction, section2.2.1, Table4 and native SI2; sodium-ion-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Geographical representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator assessment of generic/regional background supply and transferred synthesis references. A country/region label does not establish a production-weighted factory sample; prospective electricity scenarios are not site measurement evidence. Evidence classification: primary source boundary and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Source location: Introduction, section2.2.1, Table4 and native SI2; sodium-ion-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Retain prospective/mixed score4.2020-2050scenario years and 2024publication do not establish annual observation year or uniform whole-inventory temporal coverage. Evidence classification: primary source boundary and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Technology characterization Scale, utilization, production, lifetime, technology readiness and representativeness.

Commercial maturity stage: Not provided

Design capacity: Not provided

Design capacity unit: Not provided

Capacity factor: Not provided

Annual production volume: Not provided

Annual production volume unit: Not provided

Annual production volume year: Not provided

Plant lifetime: Not provided

Technology readiness level Not assessed

Technological representativeness

Geographical representativeness

Temporal representativeness

Missing exchange uncertainty generation: Requested

Representativeness scores use a 1–5 scale when provided. Lower scores indicate a closer fit to the modeled technology, geography, or time period.

Inventory & impacts 8 exchanges · exchange table, supply-chain graph and environmental screening.

Precalculated screening profile

Environmental impacts

Results per square meter, using UVEK 2025 and the ecoinvent 3.10 biosphere. Exchange rows are shaded from green to red by relative contribution to the selected indicator.

Exchange impact indicator (EF v3.1)

Climate change 0.107381 kg CO2-Eq / square meter

Screening result

This screening result uses Brightpath mappings from the source background to UVEK 2025; mapped suppliers are not claims of scientific equivalence.

Show all 16 indicator totals

Acidification 0.0174984 mol H+-Eq / square meter

Climate change 0.107381 kg CO2-Eq / square meter

Freshwater ecotoxicity 1.43306 CTUe / square meter

Freshwater eutrophication 0.000364925 kg P-Eq / square meter

Marine eutrophication 7.5913e-05 kg N-Eq / square meter

Terrestrial eutrophication 0.00313776 mol N-Eq / square meter

Human toxicity, cancer 2.2020e-10 CTUh / square meter

Human toxicity, non-cancer 4.2015e-09 CTUh / square meter

Ionising radiation 0.0423146 kBq U235-Eq / square meter

Land use 0.69559 dimensionless / square meter

Ozone depletion 4.7561e-09 kg CFC-11-Eq / square meter

Particulate matter 1.9638e-08 disease incidence / square meter

Photochemical ozone formation 0.00174276 kg NMVOC-Eq / square meter

Resource use, fossils 1.47221 MJ, net calorific value / square meter

Resource use, minerals and metals 1.0149e-06 kg Sb-Eq / square meter

Water use 0.0520524 m3 world Eq deprived / square meter

Calculation details

Profile uvek-2025-ef-v3-1-4e70d56a85b1 · artifact 4e70d56a85b1 · calculated 2026-11-03 09:07 UTC. These screening results do not replace a reviewed comparative LCA.

Reference flow 1 row Reference production exchanges extracted from the uploaded inventory.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
nickel plating RER	nickel plating	1	square meter	-	Reference flow

Emissions 2 rows Elementary flows emitted from the dataset to the environment.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
Nickel II	air	3.74e-07	kilogram	-	0 kg CO2-Eq / square meter 0.0% of total EF biosphere factor
Nickel II	water	1.60e-05	kilogram	-	0 kg CO2-Eq / square meter 0.0% of total EF biosphere factor

Technosphere inputs 5 rows Linked foreground or background product inputs used by this dataset.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
market for nickel, class 1 GLO	nickel, class 1	9.37e-03	kilogram	-	0.0920565 kg CO2-Eq / square meter 85.7% of total BAFU:2025
market for wastewater, average Europe without Switzerland	wastewater, average	-8.00e-03	cubic meter	-	-0.00220853 kg CO2-Eq / square meter -2.1% of total BAFU:2025
market for water, deionised Europe without Switzerland	water, deionised	8	kilogram	-	0.00404425 kg CO2-Eq / square meter 3.8% of total BAFU:2025
market group for electricity, medium voltage RER	electricity, medium voltage	0.04	kilowatt hour	-	0.0136311 kg CO2-Eq / square meter 12.7% of total BAFU:2025
treatment of average incineration residue, residual material landfill RoW	average incineration residue	-4.72e-04	kilogram	-	-0.000142108 kg CO2-Eq / square meter -0.1% of total BAFU:2025

Parameters 0 source definitions · values, formulas and uncertainty.

Read-only definitions preserved with this inventory version. Values are supplied by the source; CLIC does not evaluate formulas or recalculate exchange amounts and impact scores from them.

No parameter definitions were supplied with this inventory snapshot.

Versions & changes 2 versions · change rationale, release notes and comparisons.

Oldest to newest. Arrows show recorded revision links; each node describes the change introduced by that version.

Version 1.0.0
Published 2026-07-15

First published inventory; no earlier version is available for comparison.
Superseded
Version 1.0.1
Published 2026-11-03

Nickel plating is represented with the selected coating-material and process boundary rather than an inconsistent source label.
Published · Viewing · Latest

Show full version history table (2 versions)

Version	Published	Reason for this version	Link
Version 1.0.1	2026-11-03	Nickel plating is represented with the selected coating-material and process boundary rather than an inconsistent source label.	Current view
Version 1.0.0 Superseded	Published 2026-07-15	First published inventory; no earlier version is available for comparison.	Open version

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About this version

Why this version changed

Nickel plating is represented with the selected coating-material and process boundary rather than an inconsistent source label.

Release notes

Source: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362.

Declared foreground licence: CC-BY-4.0. Source publications and external supplier inventories retain their own terms.

Changes from version 1.0.0 Compare this version with its predecessor. Exchanges are grouped by type and change; biosphere labels include their environmental compartments. Open the base version. Show changes Hide changes

Why this version changed

Nickel plating is represented with the selected coating-material and process boundary rather than an inconsistent source label.

Public revision record

This comparison is permanently visible with the published version so users can assess every detected change before reuse.

Modified exchanges: 0
Added exchanges: 1
Removed exchanges: 1
Inventory metadata: 0
Version metadata: 12

Technosphere exchanges added 1

Technosphere exchanges added
Exchange / scope	Field	Previous value	Revised value	Reason
market for nickel, class 1 (technosphere / GLO / kilogram)	Amount	Not present	0.00937 kilogram	The nickel, class 1 entry supplies the material, process or treatment required by the revised reference. The supplied metal and plating operation remain distinguishable for linking and material accounting. Nickel plating is represented with the selected coating-material and process boundary rather than an inconsistent source label.

Biosphere exchanges removed 1

Biosphere exchanges removed
Exchange / scope	Field	Previous value	Revised value	Reason
Nickel (biosphere / natural resource / in ground / kilogram)	Amount	0.00937 kilogram	Not present	Purchase 0.00937 kg refined class-1 nickel from the nickel market for the plating operation instead of recording local nickel extraction from the ground. Mining and refining belong to the supplier inventory. The gross metal dose is retained; bath chemistry, retained coating and deposition efficiency remain unverified.

Metadata changes 12

Metadata changes
Exchange / scope	Field	Previous value	Revised value	Reason
Version metadata	Commercial maturity stage	early_commercial	Not set	No explanation was recorded for this change.
Version metadata	Geographical representativeness	2	3
Version metadata	Methodology and allocation explanation	The paper's functional unit is 1 kWh delivered over battery lifetime, accounting for depth of discharge, cycles and roundtrip efficiency. Its boundary covers raw materials, transport, precursors, components, manufacture and use performance; end-of-life is excluded. Battery production is assumed in Europe. Baseline 2020 and future 2030, 2040 and 2050 combine REMIND SSP2-NDC (~2.5°C) and SSP2-PkBudg500 (~1.5°C) with baseline and optimal battery performance. The source uses ecoinvent 3.8, premise and Activity Browser with IPCC 2013 GWP100. Source software roles and scenario years do not replace CLIC's recorded profiles or inventory year.	Source model and dates Zhang et al. was online on 11 December 2023 and issued in 2024. It models 21700 sodium-ion cells with layered-oxide NMMT, NVPF Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and Prussian-blue analogue NaPBA cathodes, each paired with fossil-pitch hard carbon. The 21 mm × 70 mm geometry is literature-modelled. The study assumes European manufacture, baseline 2020 and future 2030/2040/2050, REMIND SSP2-NDC (approximately 2.5°C) and SSP2-PkBudg500 (approximately 1.5°C), and baseline/optimal performance. Ecoinvent 3.8, premise/Activity Browser and IPCC 2013 GWP100 describe the source study rather than replacement CLIC profiles. Publication dates and scenarios are not input measurement years. Current process reference The archived production exchange is 1 square meter of “nickel plating”. All inputs retain that batch/reference basis. Normalization for comparison must use the process output rather than an assumed one-kilogram denominator. Preserved nickel feed repair Gross nickel feed is 0.00937 kg/m²; listed air/water emissions leave at most 0.009353626 kg before unknown residue nickel. Feed provision, emissions, water, electricity and residue remain unchanged.
Version metadata	Publication / citation	Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Karlsson Potter, H., Hansson, P.-A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024; online 11 December 2023). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362	Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Karlsson Potter, H., Hansson, P.-A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Version metadata	Source	Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Karlsson Potter, H., Hansson, P.-A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024; online 11 December 2023). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362	Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Karlsson Potter, H., Hansson, P.-A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362
Version metadata	Contributors, publications, projects and supporting evidence	Funding: 1. Project: Url: https://mistra.org/program/mistra-food-futures/ Funding: 1. Project: Name: Mistra Food Futures Funding: 1. Project: Acronym: Not set Funding: 1. Project: Relation: source_study Funding: 1. Project: Grant identifier: DIA 2018/24 Funding: 1. Organization: Ror: https://ror.org/00pyxrd04 Funding: 1. Organization: Url: https://mistra.org/ Funding: 1. Organization: Name: Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research Funding: 1. Award identifier: DIA 2018/24 Funding: 2. Project: Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Funding: 2. Project: Name: Zhang sodium-ion battery source study Funding: 2. Project: Acronym: Not set Funding: 2. Project: Relation: source_study Funding: 2. Project: Grant identifier: Not set Funding: 2. Organization: Ror: https://ror.org/02yy8x990 Funding: 2. Organization: Url: https://www.slu.se/ Funding: 2. Organization: Name: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Funding: 2. Award identifier: Not set Evidence: 1. Origin: source_import Evidence: 1. Target field: data_origins Evidence: 1. Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance. Evidence: 1. Source location: source Evidence: 1. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 2. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 2. Target field: publications Evidence: 2. Qualification: Bibliographic details refer to this explicitly cited DOI. Existing citation text is retained, including any additional sources. Publication year does not establish the inventory reference year; publication authors are not assigned as inventory compilers. Evidence: 2. Source location: DOI registration: title, publication dates and byline Evidence: 2. Source reference: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2023.107362 Evidence: 3. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 3. Target field: publications Evidence: 3. Qualification: Five authors with historical SLU Uppsala and Leiden CML affiliations. Hanna Karlsson Potter retains her full family name. Online publication was in 2023; the journal issue is 2024. Publication authors are not assigned as CLIC compilers. Chemistry-specific capacity citations supersede generic shared-workbook attribution. Evidence: 3. Source location: Version-of-record p1 byline/dates/affiliations, p8 acknowledgments; SM2 and source-specific upstream references Evidence: 3. Source reference: https://research.slu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/19076947/fulltext.pdf Evidence: 4. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 4. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 4. Qualification: Zhang et al. (2024 issue; online 11 December 2023) model three 21700 cylindrical sodium-ion cells: layered-oxide NMMT, polyanionic NVPF Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and Prussian-blue analogue NaPBA, each with a fossil-pitch hard-carbon anode. The 21 mm × 70 mm geometry comes from a literature-based dimensioning model. This record supplies 1 square meter of nickel plating. The paper's functional unit is 1 kWh delivered over battery lifetime, accounting for depth of discharge, cycles and roundtrip efficiency. Its boundary covers raw materials, transport, precursors, components, manufacture and use performance; end-of-life is excluded. Battery production is assumed in Europe. Baseline 2020 and future 2030, 2040 and 2050 combine REMIND SSP2-NDC (~2.5°C) and SSP2-PkBudg500 (~1.5°C) with baseline and optimal battery performance. The source uses ecoinvent 3.8, premise and Activity Browser with IPCC 2013 GWP100. Source software roles and scenario years do not replace CLIC's recorded profiles or inventory year. SM2 cached quantities and formulas are retained with exact cell coordinates and normalized by each process output. Numerical agreement does not validate supplier chemistry, biosphere compartments, uncertainty, manufacturing yields or tested lifetime. Rounded baseline cell values of 157/145/132 Wh/kg differ from the exact modeled values of 156.543/144.597/131.749 Wh/kg. Nominal capacity requires no cycle-life multiplier. The 2024 publication issue does not date input measurements. Evidence: 4. Source location: SM2 inventory_chemical and battery dimensioning model, cached values with formula index; current archived references Evidence: 4. Source reference: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0921344923004962-mmc2.xlsx Evidence: 5. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 5. Target field: funding Evidence: 5. Qualification: Support is acknowledged from SLU's Department of Energy and Technology and Mistra Food Futures (DIA 2018/24). The parent Mistra funder is distinct from the programme and from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research. No additional award suffix or direct funding of CLIC compilation is inferred. Acknowledged assistance does not establish authorship or funding. Evidence: 5. Source location: p8 acknowledgments, official Mistra programme and exact ROR records Evidence: 5. Source reference: https://research.slu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/19076947/fulltext.pdf Projects: 1. Url: https://mistra.org/program/mistra-food-futures/ Projects: 1. Name: Mistra Food Futures Projects: 1. Acronym: Not set Projects: 1. Relation: source_study Projects: 1. Grant identifier: DIA 2018/24 Projects: 2. Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Projects: 2. Name: Zhang sodium-ion battery source study Projects: 2. Acronym: Not set Projects: 2. Relation: source_study Projects: 2. Grant identifier: Not set Publications: 1. Doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Publications: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Publications: 1. Title: Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Shan Zhang Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: 0000-0002-7666-1222 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/02yy8x990 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.slu.se/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Bernhard Steubing Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: 0000-0002-1307-6376 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/027bh9e22 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Hanna Karlsson Potter Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/02yy8x990 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.slu.se/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Name: Per-Anders Hansson Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/02yy8x990 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.slu.se/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Name: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Name: Åke Nordberg Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Orcid: 0000-0002-1662-9730 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/02yy8x990 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.slu.se/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Affiliations: 1. Name: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Publications: 1. Citation: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Karlsson Potter, H., Hansson, P.-A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024; online 11 December 2023). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Publications: 1. Relation: primary_source Publications: 1. Source type: scientific_journal Publications: 1. Publication year: 2024	Funding: 1. Project: Url: https://mistra.org/program/mistra-food-futures/ Funding: 1. Project: Name: Mistra Food Futures Funding: 1. Project: Acronym: Not set Funding: 1. Project: Relation: source_study Funding: 1. Project: Grant identifier: DIA 2018/24 Funding: 1. Organization: Ror: https://ror.org/00pyxrd04 Funding: 1. Organization: Url: https://mistra.org/ Funding: 1. Organization: Name: Foundation for Strategic Environmental Research Funding: 1. Award identifier: DIA 2018/24 Funding: 2. Project: Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Funding: 2. Project: Name: Zhang sodium-ion battery source study Funding: 2. Project: Acronym: Not set Funding: 2. Project: Relation: source_study Funding: 2. Project: Grant identifier: Not set Funding: 2. Organization: Ror: https://ror.org/02yy8x990 Funding: 2. Organization: Url: https://www.slu.se/ Funding: 2. Organization: Name: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Funding: 2. Award identifier: Not set Evidence: 1. Origin: source_import Evidence: 1. Target field: data_origins Evidence: 1. Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance. Evidence: 1. Source location: source Evidence: 1. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 2. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 2. Target field: publications Evidence: 2. Qualification: Bibliographic details refer to this explicitly cited DOI. Existing citation text is retained, including any additional sources. Publication year does not establish the inventory reference year; publication authors are not assigned as inventory compilers. Evidence: 2. Source location: DOI registration: title, publication dates and byline Evidence: 2. Source reference: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1016%2Fj.resconrec.2023.107362 Evidence: 3. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 3. Target field: publications Evidence: 3. Qualification: Five authors with historical SLU Uppsala and Leiden CML affiliations. Hanna Karlsson Potter retains her full family name. Online publication was in 2023; the journal issue is 2024. Publication authors are not assigned as CLIC compilers. Chemistry-specific capacity citations supersede generic shared-workbook attribution. Evidence: 3. Source location: Version-of-record p1 byline/dates/affiliations, p8 acknowledgments; SM2 and source-specific upstream references Evidence: 3. Source reference: https://research.slu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/19076947/fulltext.pdf Evidence: 4. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 4. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 4. Qualification: Zhang et al. (2024 issue; online 11 December 2023) model three 21700 cylindrical sodium-ion cells: layered-oxide NMMT, polyanionic NVPF Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and Prussian-blue analogue NaPBA, each with a fossil-pitch hard-carbon anode. The 21 mm × 70 mm geometry comes from a literature-based dimensioning model. This record supplies 1 square meter of nickel plating. The paper's functional unit is 1 kWh delivered over battery lifetime, accounting for depth of discharge, cycles and roundtrip efficiency. Its boundary covers raw materials, transport, precursors, components, manufacture and use performance; end-of-life is excluded. Battery production is assumed in Europe. Baseline 2020 and future 2030, 2040 and 2050 combine REMIND SSP2-NDC (~2.5°C) and SSP2-PkBudg500 (~1.5°C) with baseline and optimal battery performance. The source uses ecoinvent 3.8, premise and Activity Browser with IPCC 2013 GWP100. Source software roles and scenario years do not replace CLIC's recorded profiles or inventory year. SM2 cached quantities and formulas are retained with exact cell coordinates and normalized by each process output. Numerical agreement does not validate supplier chemistry, biosphere compartments, uncertainty, manufacturing yields or tested lifetime. Rounded baseline cell values of 157/145/132 Wh/kg differ from the exact modeled values of 156.543/144.597/131.749 Wh/kg. Nominal capacity requires no cycle-life multiplier. The 2024 publication issue does not date input measurements. Evidence: 4. Source location: SM2 inventory_chemical and battery dimensioning model, cached values with formula index; current archived references Evidence: 4. Source reference: https://ars.els-cdn.com/content/image/1-s2.0-S0921344923004962-mmc2.xlsx Evidence: 5. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 5. Target field: funding Evidence: 5. Qualification: Support is acknowledged from SLU's Department of Energy and Technology and Mistra Food Futures (DIA 2018/24). The parent Mistra funder is distinct from the programme and from the Swedish Foundation for Strategic Research. No additional award suffix or direct funding of CLIC compilation is inferred. Acknowledged assistance does not establish authorship or funding. Evidence: 5. Source location: p8 acknowledgments, official Mistra programme and exact ROR records Evidence: 5. Source reference: https://research.slu.se/ws/portalfiles/portal/19076947/fulltext.pdf Evidence: 6. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 6. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 6. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 6. Source location: fields/design_capacity; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference Evidence: 6. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Evidence: 7. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 7. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 7. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 7. Source location: fields/design_capacity_unit; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference Evidence: 7. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Evidence: 8. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 8. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 8. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 8. Source location: fields/capacity_factor_percent; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference Evidence: 8. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Evidence: 9. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 9. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 9. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 9. Source location: fields/annual_production_volume; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference Evidence: 9. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Evidence: 10. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 10. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 10. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 10. Source location: fields/annual_production_volume_unit; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference Evidence: 10. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Evidence: 11. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 11. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 11. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 11. Source location: fields/annual_production_volume_year; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference Evidence: 11. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Evidence: 12. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 12. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 12. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: Nickel-plating service per square metre; neither line throughput nor a physical product capacity follows from area. Evidence classification: source performance and current process scope review. Confidence: high for scope exclusion. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 12. Source location: fields/plant_lifetime_years; primaryTable4 and native SI2 exact process/cell reference Evidence: 12. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Evidence: 13. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 13. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 13. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Commercial maturity stage: Unspecified. Basis: The cell-type readiness does not independently establish an early-commercial/TRL8 (or inherited higher label) for this selected constituent synthesis or process recipe. The paper combines literature, upscaling and supplier proxies; leave standalone exact-process readiness unspecified rather than assign the host cell stage to it. Ordinary commercial chemical availability is not being denied. Evidence classification: primary source boundary and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 13. Source location: Introduction, section2.2.1, Table4 and native SI2; sodium-ion-source-reading.json Evidence: 13. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Evidence: 14. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 14. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 14. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Technology readiness level: Unspecified. Basis: The cell-type readiness does not independently establish an early-commercial/TRL8 (or inherited higher label) for this selected constituent synthesis or process recipe. The paper combines literature, upscaling and supplier proxies; leave standalone exact-process readiness unspecified rather than assign the host cell stage to it. Ordinary commercial chemical availability is not being denied. Evidence classification: primary source boundary and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 14. Source location: Introduction, section2.2.1, Table4 and native SI2; sodium-ion-source-reading.json Evidence: 14. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Evidence: 15. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 15. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 15. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Technological representativeness: 4. Basis: Retain or assign curator score4for prospective dimensioning and transferred/upscaled manufacturing or chemical process data. Exact material formulation and scenario performance are not measured industrial representativeness. Evidence classification: primary source boundary and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 15. Source location: Introduction, section2.2.1, Table4 and native SI2; sodium-ion-source-reading.json Evidence: 15. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Evidence: 16. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 16. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 16. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Geographical representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator assessment of generic/regional background supply and transferred synthesis references. A country/region label does not establish a production-weighted factory sample; prospective electricity scenarios are not site measurement evidence. Evidence classification: primary source boundary and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 16. Source location: Introduction, section2.2.1, Table4 and native SI2; sodium-ion-source-reading.json Evidence: 16. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Evidence: 17. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 17. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 17. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1314. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Retain prospective/mixed score4.2020-2050scenario years and 2024publication do not establish annual observation year or uniform whole-inventory temporal coverage. Evidence classification: primary source boundary and curator assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 17. Source location: Introduction, section2.2.1, Table4 and native SI2; sodium-ion-source-reading.json Evidence: 17. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Projects: 1. Url: https://mistra.org/program/mistra-food-futures/ Projects: 1. Name: Mistra Food Futures Projects: 1. Acronym: Not set Projects: 1. Relation: source_study Projects: 1. Grant identifier: DIA 2018/24 Projects: 2. Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Projects: 2. Name: Zhang sodium-ion battery source study Projects: 2. Acronym: Not set Projects: 2. Relation: source_study Projects: 2. Grant identifier: Not set Publications: 1. Doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Publications: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Publications: 1. Title: Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Shan Zhang Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: 0000-0002-7666-1222 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/02yy8x990 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.slu.se/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Bernhard Steubing Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: 0000-0002-1307-6376 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/027bh9e22 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML), Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Hanna Karlsson Potter Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/02yy8x990 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.slu.se/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Name: Per-Anders Hansson Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/02yy8x990 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.slu.se/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Name: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Name: Åke Nordberg Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Orcid: 0000-0002-1662-9730 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/02yy8x990 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.slu.se/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 5. Affiliations: 1. Name: Department of Energy and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden Publications: 1. Citation: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Karlsson Potter, H., Hansson, P.-A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Publications: 1. Relation: primary_source Publications: 1. Source type: scientific_journal Publications: 1. Publication year: 2024
Version metadata	System boundary	Foreground reference: 1 square meter of nickel plating. The paper's functional unit is 1 kWh delivered over battery lifetime, accounting for depth of discharge, cycles and roundtrip efficiency. Its boundary covers raw materials, transport, precursors, components, manufacture and use performance; end-of-life is excluded. Battery production is assumed in Europe. Baseline 2020 and future 2030, 2040 and 2050 combine REMIND SSP2-NDC (~2.5°C) and SSP2-PkBudg500 (~1.5°C) with baseline and optimal battery performance. The source uses ecoinvent 3.8, premise and Activity Browser with IPCC 2013 GWP100. Source software roles and scenario years do not replace CLIC's recorded profiles or inventory year.	The recorded nickel plating foreground, upstream supplies and manufacturing or treatment services at its own declared output. The paper’s full raw-material-to-cell/use-performance boundary is not automatically the boundary of this partial node.
Version metadata	Technology description	Zhang et al. (2024 issue; online 11 December 2023) model three 21700 cylindrical sodium-ion cells: layered-oxide NMMT, polyanionic NVPF Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and Prussian-blue analogue NaPBA, each with a fossil-pitch hard-carbon anode. The 21 mm × 70 mm geometry comes from a literature-based dimensioning model. This record supplies 1 square meter of nickel plating.	Nickel plating, using the retained source recipe and subsequent CLIC adaptations.
Version metadata	Technology readiness level	8	Not set
Version metadata	Limitations on use	SM2 cached quantities and formulas are retained with exact cell coordinates and normalized by each process output. Numerical agreement does not validate supplier chemistry, biosphere compartments, uncertainty, manufacturing yields or tested lifetime. Rounded baseline cell values of 157/145/132 Wh/kg differ from the exact modeled values of 156.543/144.597/131.749 Wh/kg. Nominal capacity requires no cycle-life multiplier. The 2024 publication issue does not date input measurements.	Reference and transfer limits The paper evaluates 1 kWh delivered over battery lifetime with depth of discharge, cycles and roundtrip efficiency. A CLIC material, area, batch, module or nominal-capacity reference is a different denominator. Source end-of-life is excluded. Cached SM2 quantities/formulas do not validate chemical suppliers, emission compartments, uncertainty, yields or tested lifetime. Rounded 157/145/132 Wh/kg differ from exact model values 156.543/144.597/131.749 Wh/kg; nominal capacity receives no cycle-life multiplier. Deposition limits The feed boundary does not establish bath composition, thickness, deposition efficiency, residue composition or industrial design.
Version metadata	Description	Source: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Potter, H. K., Hansson, P. A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362 Source review: Zhang et al. (2024 issue; online 11 December 2023) model three 21700 cylindrical sodium-ion cells: layered-oxide NMMT, polyanionic NVPF Na3V2(PO4)2F3 and Prussian-blue analogue NaPBA, each with a fossil-pitch hard-carbon anode. The 21 mm × 70 mm geometry comes from a literature-based dimensioning model. This record supplies 1 square meter of nickel plating. The paper's functional unit is 1 kWh delivered over battery lifetime, accounting for depth of discharge, cycles and roundtrip efficiency. Its boundary covers raw materials, transport, precursors, components, manufacture and use performance; end-of-life is excluded. Battery production is assumed in Europe. Baseline 2020 and future 2030, 2040 and 2050 combine REMIND SSP2-NDC (~2.5°C) and SSP2-PkBudg500 (~1.5°C) with baseline and optimal battery performance. The source uses ecoinvent 3.8, premise and Activity Browser with IPCC 2013 GWP100. Source software roles and scenario years do not replace CLIC's recorded profiles or inventory year.	Nickel-plating reference per 1 m² surface, purchasing refined class-1 nickel through its existing global supplier. It retains the earlier correction that moved mining/refining upstream rather than treating plating as elementary nickel extraction.	Remove administrative review/history labels while retaining the source model, scientific quantities, assumptions and limitations; make the description specific to the supplied product.
Version metadata	Intended application	Not set	Use of the stated nickel plating reference within an explicitly assembled sodium-ion battery model, retaining chemistry, batch and nominal-versus-lifetime distinctions.	Apply reviewed discovery metadata and change explanations from the curated release.

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nickel plating

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