Scope, source, release context, and stable identifying information.
Description
This dataset is part of the component-based lithium-ion battery inventories adapted by Crenna et al. (2021) from Dai et al. (2019), where battery packs are modelled from their constituent materials, cells, electronics, and packaging. It represents supply of NMC811 hydroxide as an active electrode or precursor material used in the modeled cell chemistry.
Source
Scientific journal publication
Dai, Q., Kelly, J. C., Gaines, L., & Wang, M. (2019). Life cycle analysis of lithium-ion batteries for automotive applications. Batteries, 5(2), 48. The inventory is modelled according to the publication of Dai et al. (2019), in which a battery pack with gross pack energy of 23.5 kWh made of 140 3.6 V- 46Ah prismatic cells is presented. Cells are made of nicke-manganese-cobalt (NMC811) cathode and a graphite-based anode, liquid electrolyte and a porous plastic separator. Infrastructure is included as well in this dataset as "electronic component factory". Updated by: Eleonora Crenna, EMPA, Switzerland, see https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2021.105619
Scale, utilization, production, and lifetime data. Missing values remain visible to guide future metadata improvements.
Commercial maturity stage
Mature commercial
Design capacity
Not provided
Design capacity unit
Not provided
Capacity factor
Not provided
Annual production volume
Not provided
Annual production volume unit
Not provided
Annual production volume year
Not provided
Plant lifetime
Not provided
Inventory workspace
Inventory & impacts
Inspect every exchange and its contribution to the selected EF v3.1 indicator.
Precalculated screening profile
Environmental impacts
Results per kilogram, using UVEK 2025 and the ecoinvent 3.10 biosphere. Exchange rows are shaded from green to red by relative contribution to the selected indicator.
Acidification0.010329
mol H+-Eq / kilogram
Climate change9.08699
kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
Freshwater ecotoxicity7.93411
CTUe / kilogram
Freshwater eutrophication0.000508409
kg P-Eq / kilogram
Marine eutrophication-0.00348868
kg N-Eq / kilogram
Photochemical ozone formation-0.00550867
kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
Resource use, fossils135.459
MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
Resource use, minerals and metals0.0004842
kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
Water use3.13431
m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
Screening result
This screening result uses Brightpath mappings from the source background to UVEK 2025; mapped suppliers are not claims of scientific equivalence.
Show all 16 indicator totals
Acidification0.010329
mol H+-Eq / kilogram
Climate change9.08699
kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
Freshwater ecotoxicity7.93411
CTUe / kilogram
Freshwater eutrophication0.000508409
kg P-Eq / kilogram
Marine eutrophication-0.00348868
kg N-Eq / kilogram
Terrestrial eutrophication-0.0253874
mol N-Eq / kilogram
Human toxicity, cancer4.6867e-09
CTUh / kilogram
Human toxicity, non-cancer4.1443e-07
CTUh / kilogram
Ionising radiation2.7923
kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
Land use80.6949
dimensionless / kilogram
Ozone depletion3.7081e-07
kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
Particulate matter7.8645e-07
disease incidence / kilogram
Photochemical ozone formation-0.00550867
kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
Resource use, fossils135.459
MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
Resource use, minerals and metals0.0004842
kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
Water use3.13431
m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
Calculation details
Profile uvek-2025-ef-v3-1-4e70d56a85b1 · artifact
4e70d56a85b1 · calculated
2026-09-30 13:45 UTC. These screening results do not replace a reviewed comparative LCA.
Dataset contents
Reference flows, emissions, technosphere inputs, and natural resources in this published snapshot.
Outputs
Reference flow
1 row
Reference production exchanges extracted from the uploaded inventory.
Exchange
Reference / categories
Amount
Unit
Metadata
Climate change contribution
NMC811 hydroxide
GLO
NMC811 hydroxide
1
kilogram
-
Reference flow
Emissions
1 row
Elementary flows emitted from the dataset to the environment.
Exchange
Reference / categories
Amount
Unit
Metadata
Climate change contribution
Ammonia
air
5.80e-03
kilogram
-
0.017516mol H+-Eq / kilogram
169.6% of total
0kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.779636CTUe / kilogram
9.8% of total
0kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.0005336kg N-Eq / kilogram
-15.3% of total
0.078126mol N-Eq / kilogram
-307.7% of total
0CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
7.6920e-11CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.2180e-07disease incidence / kilogram
15.5% of total
0kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
EF biosphere factor
Inputs
Technosphere inputs
12 rows
Linked foreground or background product inputs used by this dataset.
Exchange
Reference / categories
Amount
Unit
Metadata
Climate change contribution
market for transport, freight, inland waterways, barge
RoW
transport, freight, inland waterways, barge
2.66e-03
ton kilometer
-
7.7698e-07mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
9.8073e-05kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.000236166CTUe / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.0563e-08kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
3.8024e-07kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
4.0511e-06mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
4.1448e-14CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
5.0562e-13CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.4219e-05kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.000619572dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.1059e-12kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.0712e-12disease incidence / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.3524e-06kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.0013084MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.0% of total
3.7608e-11kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.1541e-05m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified
RoW
transport, freight, lorry, unspecified
0.02
ton kilometer
-
9.9984e-05mol H+-Eq / kilogram
1.0% of total
0.024017kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.3% of total
0.0627315CTUe / kilogram
0.8% of total
2.7118e-06kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.5% of total
3.7738e-05kg N-Eq / kilogram
-1.1% of total
0.000403557mol N-Eq / kilogram
-1.6% of total
9.3263e-12CTUh / kilogram
0.2% of total
2.0944e-10CTUh / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.00478782kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.184815dimensionless / kilogram
0.2% of total
3.7018e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
1.0% of total
7.8871e-10disease incidence / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.00014271kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
-2.6% of total
0.348056MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.3% of total
7.9968e-08kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.0356345m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
1.1% of total
BAFU:2025
market for transport, freight train
CN
transport, freight train
0.03
ton kilometer
-
1.4863e-05mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.00133604kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00415542CTUe / kilogram
0.1% of total
1.8532e-07kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
4.1938e-06kg N-Eq / kilogram
-0.1% of total
4.5047e-05mol N-Eq / kilogram
-0.2% of total
7.4612e-13CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.4998e-11CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.000170518kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.0088964dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.0676e-11kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
6.0983e-10disease incidence / kilogram
0.1% of total
1.3389e-05kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
-0.2% of total
0.0159108MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.8289e-09kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.000374316m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market for transport, freight, sea, container ship
GLO
transport, freight, sea, container ship
0.06
ton kilometer
-
3.4674e-05mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.3% of total
0.00101874kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00202462CTUe / kilogram
0.0% of total
4.8194e-08kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
9.0026e-06kg N-Eq / kilogram
-0.3% of total
9.9554e-05mol N-Eq / kilogram
-0.4% of total
2.8076e-13CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.7582e-12CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
6.7233e-05kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00143233dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.1555e-11kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.8076e-11disease incidence / kilogram
0.0% of total
2.6529e-05kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
-0.5% of total
0.0129875MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.0% of total
1.8192e-10kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.000137045m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market for heat, district or industrial, natural gas
RoW
heat, district or industrial, natural gas
39.11
megajoule
-
0.00211192mol H+-Eq / kilogram
20.4% of total
3.51204kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
38.6% of total
11.4371CTUe / kilogram
144.2% of total
0.000123854kg P-Eq / kilogram
24.4% of total
0.000863666kg N-Eq / kilogram
-24.8% of total
0.00840216mol N-Eq / kilogram
-33.1% of total
4.2307e-10CTUh / kilogram
9.0% of total
7.2667e-09CTUh / kilogram
1.8% of total
0.27711kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
9.9% of total
3.05398dimensionless / kilogram
3.8% of total
1.0709e-07kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
28.9% of total
1.3112e-08disease incidence / kilogram
1.7% of total
0.00483482kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
-87.8% of total
57.6536MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
42.6% of total
1.1389e-06kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
0.822655m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
26.2% of total
BAFU:2025
market for sodium hydroxide, without water, in 50% solution state
GLO
sodium hydroxide, without water, in 50% solution state
0.85
kilogram
-
0.00198999mol H+-Eq / kilogram
19.3% of total
0.529267kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
5.8% of total
4.22132CTUe / kilogram
53.2% of total
0.000471802kg P-Eq / kilogram
92.8% of total
0.000439216kg N-Eq / kilogram
-12.6% of total
0.00343648mol N-Eq / kilogram
-13.5% of total
1.1162e-09CTUh / kilogram
23.8% of total
6.8444e-08CTUh / kilogram
16.5% of total
0.589994kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
21.1% of total
3.79068dimensionless / kilogram
4.7% of total
2.0739e-08kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
5.6% of total
1.2592e-08disease incidence / kilogram
1.6% of total
0.00112577kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
-20.4% of total
11.0321MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
8.1% of total
1.6284e-05kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
3.4% of total
0.300023m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
9.6% of total
-1.2045e-07disease incidence / kilogram
-15.3% of total
-0.0149151kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
270.8% of total
32.9888MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
24.4% of total
2.0190e-05kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
4.2% of total
0.595791m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
19.0% of total
BAFU:2025
market for manganese sulfate
GLO
manganese sulfate
0.16
kilogram
-
-0.00202365mol H+-Eq / kilogram
-19.6% of total
0.343288kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
3.8% of total
-0.941728CTUe / kilogram
-11.9% of total
0.000142691kg P-Eq / kilogram
28.1% of total
-0.000681826kg N-Eq / kilogram
19.5% of total
-0.0130371mol N-Eq / kilogram
51.4% of total
1.8688e-10CTUh / kilogram
4.0% of total
2.9160e-08CTUh / kilogram
7.0% of total
0.137011kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
4.9% of total
6.70894dimensionless / kilogram
8.3% of total
6.5124e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
1.8% of total
-1.4692e-08disease incidence / kilogram
-1.9% of total
-0.00181926kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
33.0% of total
4.02378MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
3.0% of total
2.4627e-06kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.5% of total
0.0726713m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
2.3% of total
BAFU:2025
market for ammonia, anhydrous, liquid
CN
ammonia, anhydrous, liquid
5.80e-03
kilogram
-
3.3164e-05mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.3% of total
0.0131189kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
0.0378897CTUe / kilogram
0.5% of total
9.2298e-07kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.2% of total
5.6681e-06kg N-Eq / kilogram
-0.2% of total
5.7932e-05mol N-Eq / kilogram
-0.2% of total
4.2213e-12CTUh / kilogram
0.1% of total
6.7621e-11CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.000728829kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.0178398dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
4.6878e-10kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.1% of total
7.8111e-10disease incidence / kilogram
0.1% of total
3.3358e-05kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
-0.6% of total
0.230788MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.2% of total
2.2793e-08kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0.00283794m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.1% of total
BAFU:2025
market for chemical factory, organics
GLO
chemical factory, organics
7.19e-10
unit
-
0.000489996mol H+-Eq / kilogram
4.7% of total
0.0695123kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.8% of total
0.299846CTUe / kilogram
3.8% of total
0.000122781kg P-Eq / kilogram
24.1% of total
6.8652e-05kg N-Eq / kilogram
-2.0% of total
0.000772011mol N-Eq / kilogram
-3.0% of total
2.7027e-10CTUh / kilogram
5.8% of total
4.4064e-09CTUh / kilogram
1.1% of total
0.0305099kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
1.1% of total
0.748027dimensionless / kilogram
0.9% of total
1.9262e-09kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.5% of total
3.9159e-09disease incidence / kilogram
0.5% of total
0.000245101kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
-4.4% of total
0.964478MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.7% of total
6.1094e-06kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
1.3% of total
0.144048m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
4.6% of total
BAFU:2025
market for wastewater, average
RoW
wastewater, average
-6.20e-04
cubic meter
-
-1.9336e-06mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-0.00017106kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-0.0335551CTUe / kilogram
-0.4% of total
-6.3589e-07kg P-Eq / kilogram
-0.1% of total
-1.2497e-05kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.4% of total
-5.2545e-06mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-8.5891e-13CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
-2.5286e-11CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
-0.000115106kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-0.000743236dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
-1.2799e-11kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-1.4392e-11disease incidence / kilogram
0.0% of total
-8.3496e-07kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-0.00201443MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.0% of total
-9.4495e-10kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
-0.000157976m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
BAFU:2025
Natural resources
1 row
Elementary flows withdrawn from the environment by this dataset.
Exchange
Reference / categories
Amount
Unit
Metadata
Climate change contribution
Water, cooling, unspecified natural origin
natural resource / in water
6.20e-04
cubic meter
-
0mol H+-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg CO2-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0CTUe / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg P-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0mol N-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0CTUh / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kBq U235-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0dimensionless / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0disease incidence / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0MJ, net calorific value / kilogram
0.0% of total
0kg Sb-Eq / kilogram
0.0% of total
0m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram
0.0% of total
EF biosphere factor
Parameters
Read-only definitions preserved with this inventory version. Values are supplied by the source; CLIC does not evaluate formulas or recalculate exchange amounts and impact scores from them.
No parameter definitions were supplied with this inventory snapshot.
Supply-chain graph
Direct technosphere and natural-resource inputs appear on the left; emissions appear on the right.
Current datasetTechnosphere inputsEnvironmental resource inputsEmissions
2 CLIC nodes
and 13 background boundary nodes shown.
Direct inputs appear to the left of the current dataset, while emissions appear to the right. Hover an arrow to inspect its amount and unit, click a blue supplier node to reveal up to three upstream steps, or click an emissions node to open its biosphere flows, then scroll or drag the canvas to navigate.
Evidence and scrutiny
Quality & review
Assess representativeness and read the public record of the scientific review.
Quality and maturity detailsExpandCollapse
Quality and maturity
TRL scaleHigher is more mature.9: routine commercial deployment8: commercial, but still niche or scaling7: first-commercial or advanced demonstration6: engineering-scale demonstration5: pilot or large prototype4: bench or lab validated3: research-stage conceptTechnology readiness level
123456789
earlymature
1 to 5 scaleLower is better.1: strong market- or operating-data basis2: commercially plausible, but still somewhat specific3: partly representative, with modelling or adaptation bias4: pilot, proxy-based, scaled-up, or prospective5: weak representation of the real technology stateTechnological representativeness
12345
strongweak
1 to 5 scaleLower is better.1: geography matches the claimed scope well2: regionally credible, but broader or less exact3: generic regional or global proxy4: weak proxy or clear geographic mismatch5: geography is effectively unsupportedGeographical representativeness
12345
strongweak
1 to 5 scaleLower is better.1: current for that technology class2: slightly dated, but still good3: dated enough to need caution4: stale, pilot-era, or prospective relative to current practice5: clearly not representative of the current stateTemporal representativeness
12345
strongweak
Missing exchange uncertainty generation:
Not requested
Representativeness scores use a 1–5 scale when provided. Lower scores indicate a closer fit to the modeled technology, geography, or time period.
Public review record
Curator-led bulk import. Public evidence is shown without participant
accounts, assignments, recommendations, or private editor notes.
Show reviewHide review
Publication route
Curator-led bulk import
This inventory was restored from a public CLIC archive. Its original publication route is Curator-led bulk import; private review and workflow records were not transferred.
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