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materials/batteries/stationary-storage v1.0.0

market for battery capacity, Li-ion, NMC111

This dataset provides 1 kWh of battery gross capacity (NOT net), using a Li-ion NMC111 battery. Specific cell energy density in 2020: (min, mean, max) 0.150, 0.180, 0.190 …

Reference product
electricity storage capacity
Geography
GLO
Unit
kilowatt hour
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 65.027 kg CO2-eq / kilowatt hour
View dataset
materials/batteries/stationary-storage v1.0.0

market for battery capacity, Li-ion, LFP

This dataset provides 1 kWh of battery gross capacity (NOT net), using a Li-ion LFP battery. Specific energy density in 2020: (min, mean, max) 0.140, 0.160, 0.190 kWh/kg …

Reference product
electricity storage capacity
Geography
GLO
Unit
kilowatt hour
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 73.1554 kg CO2-eq / kilowatt hour
View dataset
materials/metals/vanadium v1.0.0

vanadium slag production

Source: Weber et al. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a vanadium redox flow battery. Environmental science & technology, 52(18), 10864-10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073This activity represents the production of secondary low-alloyed …

Reference product
vanadium slag
Geography
ZA
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 12.1146 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/metals/vanadium v1.0.0

vanadium bearing magnetite production

WARNING: Original LCI exchanges have been normalized to 1. Uncertainty data must be checked. Source: Weber et al. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a vanadium redox flow battery. …

Reference product
vanadium bearing magnetite
Geography
ZA
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 0.00132049 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/metals/vanadium v1.0.0

pre-reduced vanadium pentoxide bearing magnetite production

Source: Weber et al. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a vanadium redox flow battery. Environmental science & technology, 52(18), 10864-10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073Inputs and air emissions from different sources. This …

Reference product
pre-reduced vanadium pentoxide bearing magnetite
Geography
ZA
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 0.05527 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/metals/vanadium v1.0.0

vanadium bearing magnetite production

Source: Chen, S.Y., Fu, X.J., Chu, M.S., Liu, Z.G., Tang, J., 2015. Life cycle assessment of the comprehensive utilisation of vanadium titano-magnetite. J. Clean. Prod. 101, 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.076. …

Reference product
vanadium bearing magnetite
Geography
CN
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 1.45824 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/metals/vanadium v1.0.0

market for styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)

Source: Weber et al. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a vanadium redox flow battery. Environmental science & technology, 52(18), 10864-10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073

Reference product
styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 2.81228 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/metals/vanadium v1.0.0

vanadium pentoxide bearing iron sinter production

Source: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Potter, H. K., Hansson, P. A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362. …

Reference product
vanadium pentoxide bearing iron sinter
Geography
CN
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 0.411634 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/metals/vanadium v1.0.0

vanadium pentoxide bearing iron pellet production

Source: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Potter, H. K., Hansson, P. A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362. …

Reference product
vanadium pentoxide bearing iron pellet
Geography
CN
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 0.055632 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/metals/vanadium v1.0.0

vanadium phospate production, VPO4, carbon coated

Source: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Potter, H. K., Hansson, P. A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362

Reference product
vanadium phosphate, carbon coated
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 21.8515 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/metals/vanadium v1.0.0

market for vanadium pentoxide

Source: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Potter, H. K., Hansson, P. A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362

Reference product
vanadium pentoxide
Geography
GLO
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 25.9403 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/metals/vanadium v1.0.0

vanadium pentoxide production

Source: Chen, S.Y., Fu, X.J., Chu, M.S., Liu, Z.G., Tang, J., 2015. Life cycle assessment of the comprehensive utilisation of vanadium titano-magnetite. J. Clean. Prod. 101, 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.03.076. …

Reference product
vanadium pentoxide
Geography
CN
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 26.8423 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/metals/vanadium v1.0.0

vanadium pentoxide bearing cast iron, production

Source: Weber et al. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a vanadium redox flow battery. Environmental science & technology, 52(18), 10864-10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073. [This dataset was already contained in the …

Reference product
vanadium pentoxide bearing cast iron
Geography
ZA
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 0.489281 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/metals/vanadium v1.0.0

vanadium pentoxide production

Source: Weber et al. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a vanadium redox flow battery. Environmental science & technology, 52(18), 10864-10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073

Reference product
vanadium pentoxide
Geography
ZA
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 9
Climate change 18.6425 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

market for used redox-flow battery

This dataset is part of the vanadium redox flow battery life-cycle inventory reported by Weber et al. (2018), which models the battery as distinct stack, tank, electrolyte, and …

Reference product
used redox-flow battery
Geography
GLO
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 0.304778 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

market for battery, redox-flow, Vanadium

Effective energy density: 19.4 W h/kg. Net capacity: 6 MWh

Reference product
battery, redox-flow, Vanadium
Geography
GLO
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 6.15375 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

electricity supply, high voltage, from vanadium-redox flow battery system

The power capacity for this application is 1MW and the net storage capacity 6 MWh. The net capacity considers the internal inefficiencies of the batteries and the min …

Reference product
electricity, high voltage
Geography
RER
Unit
kilowatt hour
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 0.453134 kg CO2-eq / kilowatt hour
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

heat exchanger production, for VRFB system

The heat exchanger used is a plate heat exchanger whose design is based on the heat exchange surface and the needed capacity of 1 MW. Since there is …

Reference product
heat exchanger, for VRFB system
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 4.68956 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

copper cable production, for VRFB system

FKM gaskets represent the first modeled variant. An important type of FKM is the terpolymer consisting of vinylidene fluoride (VDF), hexafluoropropylene (HFP) and tetrafluoroethylene (TFE). The respective ecoinvent …

Reference product
copper cable, for VRFB system
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 8.56517 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

polyacrylonitrile-based electrode production, for VRFB system

The subsequent steps for the production of PAN-based carbon felt, oxidation and carbonization are modelled explicitly and therefore examined more closely since there are no suitable reference processes …

Reference product
polyacrylonitrile-based electrode, for VFRB system
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 123.065 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

nafion membrane production

The Vanadium Redox Flow Battery (VRFB) system is divided into two subsystems - a power and an energy sub-system - in accordance with the cell area related to …

Reference product
nafion membrane
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 124.331 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

market for battery, redox-flow, hybrid

Effective energy density: 15 W h/kg. Net capacity:

Reference product
battery, redox-flow, hybrid
Geography
GLO
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 2.11656 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

market for battery, redox-flow, organic

Effective energy density: 16 W h/kg. Net capacity:

Reference product
battery, redox-flow, organic
Geography
GLO
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 2.8124 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

tin (IV) chloride production

The original inventory is presented in: "Zhang, S., Ramanujam, A. S., Arvidsson, R., Michieletto, A., & Schubert, U. S. (2025). Prospective life cycle assessment of organic redox flow …

Reference product
tin (IV) chloride
Geography
GLO
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 6.59376 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

paraformaldehyde production, for RFB

The original inventory is presented in: "Zhang, S., Ramanujam, A. S., Arvidsson, R., Michieletto, A., & Schubert, U. S. (2025). Prospective life cycle assessment of organic redox flow …

Reference product
paraformaldehyde
Geography
GLO
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 0.0345838 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset