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materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

boundary seal production, for RFB

The original inventory is presented in: "Zhang, S., Ramanujam, A. S., Arvidsson, R., Michieletto, A., & Schubert, U. S. (2025). Prospective life cycle assessment of organic redox flow …

Reference product
boundary seal
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 36.3432 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

zinc chloride (ZnCl2) production, electroactive RFBs

The original inventory is presented in: "Zhang, S., Ramanujam, A. S., Arvidsson, R., Michieletto, A., & Schubert, U. S. (2025). Prospective life cycle assessment of organic redox flow …

Reference product
zinc chloride (ZnCl2), electroactive RFBs
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 0.524542 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

triacetonamine production

The original inventory is presented in: "Zhang, S., Ramanujam, A. S., Arvidsson, R., Michieletto, A., & Schubert, U. S. (2025). Prospective life cycle assessment of organic redox flow …

Reference product
triacetonamine
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 7.4561 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

TMATEMPO quantitative production

TEMPTMA was modeled based on the production process described by "Worldwide Pat., 2016". First, TAA is reacted with dimethylamine under palladium-C catalyst at -10°C. Hydrogen is then added …

Reference product
TMATEMPO quantitative
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 6.08095 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

TEMPO-4-sulfate potassium production, for RFB

The synthesis modeling of TEMPO-4-sulfate potassium salt follows the method described in reference "J. Winsberg, C. Stolze, A. Schwenke, S. Muench, M. D. Hager and U. S. Schubert, …

Reference product
TEMPO-4-sulfate potassium, electroactive material, RFB
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 11.1483 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

periphery part production, for RFB

The original inventory is presented in: "Zhang, S., Ramanujam, A. S., Arvidsson, R., Michieletto, A., & Schubert, U. S. (2025). Prospective life cycle assessment of organic redox flow …

Reference product
periphery part for one cell, 5kW/ 40kWh
Geography
RER
Unit
unit
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 413.41 kg CO2-eq / unit
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

additive production, H3PO4, for vRFB

The original inventory is presented in: "Zhang, S., Ramanujam, A. S., Arvidsson, R., Michieletto, A., & Schubert, U. S. (2025). Prospective life cycle assessment of organic redox flow …

Reference product
H3PO4, additive, vRFB
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 1.4397 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

additive production, H2SO4, for vRFB

The original inventory is presented in: "Zhang, S., Ramanujam, A. S., Arvidsson, R., Michieletto, A., & Schubert, U. S. (2025). Prospective life cycle assessment of organic redox flow …

Reference product
additive, H2SO4, for vRFB
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 0.153098 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA Na2) production

The LCI for ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) disodium salt was estimated by the reaction of EDTA with two portions of NaOH in suitable pH. The original inventory is presented …

Reference product
ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (EDTA Na2)
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 3.82569 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

copper current collector production, for RFB

The original inventory is presented in: "Zhang, S., Ramanujam, A. S., Arvidsson, R., Michieletto, A., & Schubert, U. S. (2025). Prospective life cycle assessment of organic redox flow …

Reference product
copper current collector, for RFB
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 8.56109 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

production of 4-HO-TEMPO

4-HO-TEMPO is modeled based on the production process described in "US5629426A, 1995". First, 4-OH-TEMP, EDTA disodium salt dehydrate, and anhydrous sodium carbonate were mixed with deionized water at …

Reference product
4-HO-TEMPO
Geography
GLO
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 10.7496 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/flow-batteries v1.0.0

production of 4-HO-TEMP

4-OH-TEMP is modeled based on the production process described by "China Pat., CN115010650A, 2022". 15 wt% of triacetone amine in isoprophyl alcohol solvent is mixed with hydrogen in …

Reference product
4-HO-TEMP
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 3.0
Published TRL 5
Climate change 11.0663 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/sodium-ion v1.0.0

market for battery, Sodium-ion, SiB

One kilogram 21700 NMMT-hard carbon battery cell inside battery pack, with a unit weight of 56.2g, a voltage of 3.2 V, a speciifc energy of 157 Wh/kg. Lifetime: …

Reference product
battery, SiB
Geography
GLO
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 6.92991 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/sodium-ion v1.0.0

battery module production, for SiB battery

Taken from Wickerts et al. (2023). Prospective Life Cycle Assessment of Lithium-Sulfur Batteries for Stationary Energy Storage. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. Based on Ainsworth (2016), Peters and …

Reference product
battery, SiB module
Geography
GLO
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 6.68555 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/sodium-ion v1.0.0

battery cell production, SIB, with NaPBA cathode and fossil-HC anode

one 21700 NaPBA-hard carbon battery cell, with a weight of 45g, a voltage of 3 V, a speciifc energy of 132 Wh/kg. Lifetime: 924 kWh/kg (7000 cycles * …

Reference product
battery cell
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 7.79462 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/sodium-ion v1.0.0

battery cell production, SIB, with NVPF cathode and fossil-HC anode

one 21700 NVPF-hard carbon battery cell, with a weight of 53.177g, a voltage of 3.4 V, a speciifc energy of 145 Wh/kg. Lifetime: 725 kWh/kg (5000 cycles x …

Reference product
battery cell
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 11.9049 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/sodium-ion v1.0.0

battery cell production, SIB, with NMMT cathode and fossil-HC anode

one 21700 NMMT-hard carbon battery cell, with a weight of 56.2g, a voltage of 3.2 V, a speciifc energy of 157 Wh/kg. Lifetime: 628 kWh/kg (4000cycles x 157) …

Reference product
battery cell
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 7.56396 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/sodium-ion v1.0.0

electrolyte production, SIB

Source: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Potter, H. K., Hansson, P. A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362

Reference product
electrolyte, SIB
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 6.09705 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/sodium-ion v1.0.0

nickel carbonate production

Original inventory from Peters, J., Buchholz, D., Passerini, S., & Weil, M. (2016). Life cycle assessment of sodium-ion batteries. Energy & Environmental Science, 9(5), 1744-1751. Inventory obtained from …

Reference product
nickel carbonate, anhydrous, at plant
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 4.61088 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/sodium-ion v1.0.0

sodium hexafluorophosphate production

Source: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Potter, H. K., Hansson, P. A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362

Reference product
sodium hexafluorophosphate
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 27.1882 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/sodium-ion v1.0.0

1,2-Dichloro-1,1-difluoroethane (R-132b) production

Source: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Potter, H. K., Hansson, P. A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362

Reference product
R-132b
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 2.69971 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/sodium-ion v1.0.0

cathode production, NaPBA, for SIB battery

Source: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Potter, H. K., Hansson, P. A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362

Reference product
cathode, NaPBA
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 9.69562 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/sodium-ion v1.0.0

NaPBA active material production, for SIB battery

this process also produce 1.4227 of NaCl, it is assumed that this amount of salt are treated as waste. Source: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Potter, H. K., Hansson, …

Reference product
NaPBA active material
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 6.32789 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/sodium-ion v1.0.0

anode production, NaPBA, with fossil based precursor, for SIB battery

Source: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Potter, H. K., Hansson, P. A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362

Reference product
anode, NaPBA, with fossil based precursor
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 4.31641 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset
materials/batteries/sodium-ion v1.0.0

magnesium hydroxide production

Source: Zhang, S., Steubing, B., Potter, H. K., Hansson, P. A., & Nordberg, Å. (2024). Future climate impacts of sodium-ion batteries. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 202, 107362. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2023.107362

Reference product
magnesium hydroxide
Geography
RER
Unit
kilogram
License
CC BY 4.0
Published TRL 8
Climate change 11.6237 kg CO2-eq / kilogram
View dataset