vanadium pentoxide production

Unit: kilogram
Reuse license: CC BY 4.0
Published: 2026-11-03
Version: 1.0.1
Technology maturity: See quality profile

South African vanadium-pentoxide refining reference, per declared output 1 kilogram.

Classification: Vanadium (materials/metals/vanadium)
Bookmarks: 0
Raw file downloads: 0
Generated export downloads: 0

Classification path: Materials > Metals and mineral feedstocks > Vanadium

Keywords

Metadata & sources Methods, scope, reference years, publications, contributors, projects and funding.

Scientific journal publication

Weber et al. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a vanadium redox flow battery. Environmental science & technology, 52(18), 10864-10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073

Background database: ecoinvent / 3.9
Background system model: cut-off
Biosphere database: ecoinvent / 3.9

These are the stored source profiles for this version. Foreground methodology is recorded in Scientific metadata.

External references

Publication DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02073

Declarations describe this version's foreground inventory. Missing information is not evidence of a particular allocation method or data origin.

Source publication year: 2018
Inventory reference year: Not specified
Foreground modelling approach: Not specified
Allocated product inventory: Yes
Allocation or multifunctionality treatment: Allocation economic
Inventory contributions: Not specified
Multifunctionality applicable: Yes
Methodology notes: Published model and current reference
Weber et al. (2018) describes a hypothetical 1 MW/8.3 MWh VRFB for renewables support, using 1 MWh delivered electricity as its study functional unit. Its original openLCA 1.6/ecoinvent 3.3 cut-off model, later ecoinvent 3.7.1 export and current CLIC profiles are distinct. Source publication, software/export dates and assumed equipment performance do not establish a measured reference year for each material process.

Allocation and corrected utility basis
Prices are historical 2010 U.S. proxies: 6.46 USD/lb V2O5 and 140 USD/short ton sodium sulfate. They are not measured South African prices or an efficiency improvement. SI S14 and the native ILCD unit chain specify 0.20 MJ electricity before allocation. After MJ-to-kWh conversion and the same economic share, the current dose is 0.054960013612387275 kWh. The single source lorry input is retained as 0.07627350689127105 t km on the chosen GLO supplier; the duplicate RER entry is not added again. Train, scrap and treatment conventions remain unchanged.

Source archive
The supporting native archive retains a 2018 publication date and was created in 2024. It describes a corrected electrolyte and an unspecified remaining dataset error; its older background export does not certify the current component recipe or supplier binding.
System boundary: The declared 1 kilogram reference and its recorded suppliers or signed services. Material/component manufacture, installed-system provision, lifetime operation and retirement keep separate denominators.
Included life cycle stages: Manufacturing
Technology description: The model retains one kg V2O5 output and the positive sodium-sulfate chemical input while removing the old −0.5 kg sodium-sulfate substitution. The economic vanadium share is 6.46/(6.46+140/2000) = 0.9892802450229708.
Intended application: Reuse within the documented VRFB model with the correct material, batch/component unit, current engineering reference and original background/profile pairing.
Use limitations: The authors' remaining-error warning does not invalidate the separately convergent table/native electricity-unit evidence, but prevents a whole-process certification. Residual slag mass versus land-transformation flow and metallurgical mass balance remain unresolved. Retained rounded freight is not replaced by false precision or taken as proof of missing-provider equivalence.
Data origins: Literature, Proxy

Other fields not yet completed (4)

Data period start year, Data period end year, Valid until year, Process type

Publications (2)

Citation: Originally from Weber et al. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a vanadium redox flow battery. Environmental science & technology, 52(18), 10864-10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Title: Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source type: Scientific journal
Publication year: 2018
Relation: Primary source
Authors: Selina Weber; Jens F. Peters · 0000-0002-4802-7806; Manuel Baumann · 0000-0002-8374-4624; Marcel Weil · 0000-0003-0151-9990

Citation: Weber, S., Peters, J. F., Baumann, M., and Weil, M. (2018). Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. Zenodo v3: accepted manuscript and native inventory files; record created 2024. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.10589869.
Title: Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery
Doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10589869
Url: https://zenodo.org/records/10589869
Source type: Other
Publication year: 2018
Relation: Supporting source
Authors: Selina Weber; Jens F. Peters · 0000-0002-4802-7806; Manuel Baumann; Marcel Weil · 0000-0003-0151-9990

Projects (1)

Name: Storage and Cross-Linked Infrastructures
Acronym: SCI
Url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Relation: Source study

Funding (1)

Organization: Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres · https://ror.org/0281dp749
Project: Storage and Cross-Linked Infrastructures

Evidence and qualifications (24)

Target field: data_origins
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: source
Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance.

Target field: data_origins
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: description
Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance.

Target field: included_life_cycle_stages
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: name
Qualification: Minimum explicitly named stage(s); no assertion that all upstream/downstream stages of the cited study are present. Manufacturing rejects alone do not create an end-of-life stage.

Target field: use_limitations
Origin: Source import
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: description
Qualification: Copied version-specific scientific qualification; it remains applicable to this exact reconstruction and is not a claim about the source paper.

Target field: represents_allocated_product
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: inventory_snapshot/comment
Qualification: Explicit allocation in this supplied snapshot; not a paper-family assumption.

Target field: multifunctionality_applicable
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: inventory_snapshot/comment
Qualification: Explicit allocation in this supplied snapshot; not a paper-family assumption.

Target field: multifunctionality_methods
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: inventory_snapshot/comment
Qualification: Explicit allocation in this supplied snapshot; not a paper-family assumption.

Target field: methodology_notes
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation
Source location: inventory_snapshot/comment
Qualification: Explicit declaration in this supplied inventory.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1021%2Facs.est.8b02073
Source location: DOI registration: title, publication dates and byline
Qualification: Bibliographic details refer to this explicitly cited DOI. Existing citation text is retained, including any additional sources. Publication year does not establish the inventory reference year; publication authors are not assigned as inventory compilers.

Target field: publications
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: Original paper byline and historical affiliations; DOI deposits; source-study institutional identity records
Qualification: Preserve paper publication years 2025/2018, not DOI submission year 2024 or archive creation year 2024. Historical HIU/KIT and SLU affiliations remain distinct from later repository affiliations or email domains. Article authors are not assigned as inventory contributors. HIPOLE polymer institute remains distinct from the GSI physics institute and has no verified ROR in this review.

Target field: methodology_notes
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://zenodo.org/records/10589869
Source location: Author archive correction/residual-error statement, original/archival SI S8 and native c94ceb7a; CLIC exact-version checks
Qualification: Source review: Weber et al. (2018) models a hypothetical 1 MW/8.3 MWh vanadium system for 20-year renewables support, with a study functional unit of 1 MWh delivered electricity and separate manufacturing, use and recycling assumptions. Source software/background are openLCA1.6 and ecoinvent3.3 cut-off; the later May2022 export targets ecoinvent3.7.1. These are not automatic creation-software/profile or measured-year declarations for CLIC. The authors' v3 Zenodo record reports a doubled V2O5 error corrected in the native electrolyte, but explicitly warns of a remaining dataset error. A formal journal corrigendum was not located; the warning and archival correction statement are retained as evidence, not an error-free replacement reference. The original and archived SI extract to identical text and still print 0.286 kg V2O5 per litre with 1.35 kg electrolyte output; the updated native process uses 0.1455 kg. A per-litre recipe must be normalized before comparison with a per-kg CLIC reference. Current CLIC4469 is a later Oxkem VOS16/Martin formulation at 1.36 kg/L and4.2 mol/L sulfate, not a literal copy of either source version; do not halve its V2O5 again. The declared node reference is kilogram of vanadium pentoxide; supplier/biosphere identity, allocation and uncertainty are not established by a literal quantity match.

Target field: funding
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: Source acknowledgments; CORDIS860403 and verified funder identities
Qualification: Original source acknowledges Helmholtz Society SCI program. Keep this source-study support separate from HIU/KIT employment, later Oxkem/Martin formulation and CLIC development funding. No unprinted award number is invented.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: fields/design_capacity; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: fields/design_capacity_unit; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: fields/capacity_factor_percent; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: fields/annual_production_volume; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: fields/annual_production_volume_unit; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: fields/annual_production_volume_year; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: fields/plant_lifetime_years; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: Weber source application/materials/use/end-of-life sections; repository warning; Zhang2025vanadium-commercial-route comparison; vanadium-flow-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Commercial maturity stage: mature_commercial. Basis: Curator assessment of established VRFB or ordinary material/hardware manufacturing routes. The 2018manufacturer/material context and 2025primary comparative paper support commercial VRFB availability over decades. Numeric9is not source-assigned and does not certify this reconstructed material, system-performance or mining/chemical LCI. Evidence classification: source boundary review and qualified route or proxy assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: Weber source application/materials/use/end-of-life sections; repository warning; Zhang2025vanadium-commercial-route comparison; vanadium-flow-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Technology readiness level: 9. Basis: Curator assessment of established VRFB or ordinary material/hardware manufacturing routes. The 2018manufacturer/material context and 2025primary comparative paper support commercial VRFB availability over decades. Numeric9is not source-assigned and does not certify this reconstructed material, system-performance or mining/chemical LCI. Evidence classification: source boundary review and qualified route or proxy assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: Weber source application/materials/use/end-of-life sections; repository warning; Zhang2025vanadium-commercial-route comparison; vanadium-flow-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Technological representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator assessment of generic industrial/engineering reconstruction and transferred supplier data. At least3for component/upstream process proxies;4for custom controls and modelled future end-of-life paths. Existing conservative scores are retained. Evidence classification: source boundary review and qualified route or proxy assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: Weber source application/materials/use/end-of-life sections; repository warning; Zhang2025vanadium-commercial-route comparison; vanadium-flow-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Geographical representativeness: 2. Basis: Curator assessment: regional industrial upstream references do not establish perfect country-wide production coverage. Generic RER/GLO component and future treatment transfers are regional/global proxies, not exact factory samples. Keep existing more conservative ratings. Evidence classification: source boundary review and qualified route or proxy assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Target field: technology_description
Origin: Editor verification
Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073
Source location: Weber source application/materials/use/end-of-life sections; repository warning; Zhang2025vanadium-commercial-route comparison; vanadium-flow-source-reading.json
Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Historical2018inventory and older upstream/material data are not refreshed by a2024deposit, solvent datasheet or corrected export. Modelled future end-of-life also has uncertain vintage. Curator score4records historical/mixed/proxy temporal coverage. Evidence classification: source boundary review and qualified route or proxy assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan.

Technology characterization Scale, utilization, production, lifetime, technology readiness and representativeness.

Commercial maturity stage: Mature commercial

Design capacity: Not provided

Design capacity unit: Not provided

Capacity factor: Not provided

Annual production volume: Not provided

Annual production volume unit: Not provided

Annual production volume year: Not provided

Plant lifetime: Not provided

Technology readiness level

Technological representativeness

Geographical representativeness

Temporal representativeness

Missing exchange uncertainty generation: Not requested

Representativeness scores use a 1–5 scale when provided. Lower scores indicate a closer fit to the modeled technology, geography, or time period.

Inventory & impacts 18 exchanges · exchange table, supply-chain graph and environmental screening.

Precalculated screening profile

Environmental impacts

Results per kilogram, using UVEK 2025 and the ecoinvent 3.10 biosphere. Exchange rows are shaded from green to red by relative contribution to the selected indicator.

Exchange impact indicator (EF v3.1)

Climate change 19.2512 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram

Screening result

This screening result uses Brightpath mappings from the source background to UVEK 2025; mapped suppliers are not claims of scientific equivalence.

Show all 16 indicator totals

Acidification 0.400468 mol H+-Eq / kilogram

Climate change 19.2512 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram

Freshwater ecotoxicity 68.8995 CTUe / kilogram

Freshwater eutrophication 0.00968705 kg P-Eq / kilogram

Marine eutrophication 0.0123298 kg N-Eq / kilogram

Terrestrial eutrophication 0.123684 mol N-Eq / kilogram

Human toxicity, cancer 6.7561e-08 CTUh / kilogram

Human toxicity, non-cancer 6.6078e-06 CTUh / kilogram

Ionising radiation 2.78708 kBq U235-Eq / kilogram

Land use -2016.56 dimensionless / kilogram

Ozone depletion 3.4874e-07 kg CFC-11-Eq / kilogram

Particulate matter 3.7509e-06 disease incidence / kilogram

Photochemical ozone formation 0.0657182 kg NMVOC-Eq / kilogram

Resource use, fossils 269.433 MJ, net calorific value / kilogram

Resource use, minerals and metals 0.000107682 kg Sb-Eq / kilogram

Water use 88.7416 m3 world Eq deprived / kilogram

Calculation details

Profile uvek-2025-ef-v3-1-4e70d56a85b1 · artifact 4e70d56a85b1 · calculated 2026-11-09 12:49 UTC. These screening results do not replace a reviewed comparative LCA.

Reference flow 1 row Reference production exchanges extracted from the uploaded inventory.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
vanadium pentoxide production ZA	vanadium pentoxide	1	kilogram	-	Reference flow

Emissions 4 rows Elementary flows emitted from the dataset to the environment.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
Carbon dioxide, fossil	air	0.16	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.16; scale 0.9892802450229708.	0.158285 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.8% of total EF biosphere factor
Oxygen	air	0.06	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.0564; scale 0.9892802450229708.	0 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.0% of total EF biosphere factor
Sulfur dioxide	air	0.23	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.23; scale 0.9892802450229708.	0 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.0% of total EF biosphere factor
Water	air	8.36e-05	cubic meter	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 8.449999999999999e-05; scale 0.9892802450229708.	0 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.0% of total EF biosphere factor

Technosphere inputs 12 rows Linked foreground or background product inputs used by this dataset.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
market for iron scrap, unsorted GLO	iron scrap, unsorted	-0.06	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount -0.065; scale 0.9892802450229708.	-0.00246047 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.0% of total BAFU:2025
market for ammonium sulfate RoW	ammonium sulfate	0.31	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.31; scale 0.9892802450229708.	0.670905 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 3.5% of total BAFU:2025
market for electricity, medium voltage ZA	electricity, medium voltage	0.05	kilowatt hour	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.2; scale 0.9892802450229708. CLIC C023: Table S14 and the authors' Zenodo 10589869 native ILCD process c8877c07-bfdf-4651-b5b0-11c2db23a7fb both specify 0.20 MJ electricity before the separately approved C014 allocation. The ILCD electricity input 13 has meanAmount/resultingAmount 0.2 and explicit openLCA unitId 52765a6c-3896-43c2-b2f4-c679acf13efe, resolved to MJ in its energy unit group. Convert 0.20 MJ / 3.6 = 0.05555555555555556 kWh, then retain C014 allocation 0.9892802450229708 to obtain 0.054960013612387275 kWh per kg V2O5. The stored kilowatt-hour unit and native ecoinvent 3.9 cutoff ZA supplier are unchanged. No uncertainty distribution is introduced. The authors' 3.7.1 background and different allocation fractions are not imported.	0.0565961 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.3% of total BAFU:2025
market for soda ash, dense GLO	soda ash, dense	0.37	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.37; scale 0.9892802450229708.	0.152422 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.8% of total BAFU:2025
market for sodium sulfate, anhydrite RER	sodium sulfate, anhydrite	0.49	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.5; scale 0.9892802450229708.	1.35575 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 7.0% of total BAFU:2025
market for sulfuric acid RoW	sulfuric acid	0.46	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.46; scale 0.9892802450229708.	0.0696703 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.4% of total BAFU:2025
market for water, deionised Europe without Switzerland	water, deionised	3.13	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 3.16; scale 0.9892802450229708.	0.00158035 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.0% of total BAFU:2025
market group for heat, district or industrial, natural gas GLO	heat, district or industrial, natural gas	0.92	megajoule	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.93; scale 0.9892802450229708.	0.0826262 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.4% of total BAFU:2025
market group for transport, freight train GLO	transport, freight train	0.46	ton kilometer	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.46; scale 0.9892802450229708.	0.0121722 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.1% of total BAFU:2025
market group for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified GLO	transport, freight, lorry, unspecified	0.08	ton kilometer	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.0771; scale 0.9892802450229708. CLIC C024: retain this single GLO lorry contribution and remove the additional RER record. Table S14 lists one GLO lorry quantity of 7.71e-2 t km; the authors native ILCD inventory contains one lorry input of 0.077073789 t km, consistent with that printed rounding. Retain the existing rounded 0.0771 t km before C014 allocation, yielding 0.07627350689127105 t km per kg V2O5. The choice of this existing native 3.9 GLO market-group supplier follows the publication geography; it is not a verified one-to-one migration of the authors 3.7.1 provider UUID, whose process is absent from the export. No new supplier, allocation, quantity recentering or uncertainty is introduced.	0.0824228 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.4% of total BAFU:2025
treatment of spent solvent mixture, hazardous waste incineration, with energy recovery RoW	spent solvent mixture	-0.06	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount -0.06320000000000001; scale 0.9892802450229708.	-0.123075 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram -0.6% of total BAFU:2025
vanadium slag production ZA	vanadium slag	1.34	kilogram	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 1.35; scale 0.9892802450229708.	16.7343 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 86.9% of total CLIC v1.0.1

Natural resources 1 row Elementary flows withdrawn from the environment by this dataset.

Exchange	Reference / categories	Amount	Unit	Metadata	Climate change contribution
Transformation, from dump site, slag compartment	natural resource / land	0.46	square meter	Metadata (1) Comment Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.47; scale 0.9892802450229708.	0 kg CO2-Eq / kilogram 0.0% of total EF biosphere factor

Parameters 0 source definitions · values, formulas and uncertainty.

Read-only definitions preserved with this inventory version. Values are supplied by the source; CLIC does not evaluate formulas or recalculate exchange amounts and impact scores from them.

No parameter definitions were supplied with this inventory snapshot.

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Raw uploaded files 0 files preserved with this version.

Original uploaded files were not included in the inventory archive. Generated inventory exports remain available.

Versions & changes 2 versions · change rationale, release notes and comparisons.

Oldest to newest. Arrows show recorded revision links; each node describes the change introduced by that version.

Version 1.0.0
Published 2026-07-15

First published inventory; no earlier version is available for comparison.
Superseded
Version 1.0.1
Published 2026-11-03

The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process. Material identities, allocation and supply links follow…
Published · Viewing · Latest

Show full version history table (2 versions)

Version	Published	Reason for this version	Link
Version 1.0.1	2026-11-03	The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process. Material identities, allocation and supply links follow the stated metallurgical boundary.	Current view
Version 1.0.0 Superseded	Published 2026-07-15	First published inventory; no earlier version is available for comparison.	Open version

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About this version

Why this version changed

The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process. Material identities, allocation and supply links follow the stated metallurgical boundary.

Release notes

Inherited ore grades, process balances and geographic proxies remain qualified.

Source: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073.

Declared foreground licence: CC-BY-4.0. Source publications and external supplier inventories retain their own terms.

Changes from version 1.0.0 Compare this version with its predecessor. Exchanges are grouped by type and change; biosphere labels include their environmental compartments. Open the base version. Show changes Hide changes

Why this version changed

Public revision record

This comparison is permanently visible with the published version so users can assess every detected change before reuse.

Modified exchanges: 17
Added exchanges: 0
Removed exchanges: 2
Inventory metadata: 0
Version metadata: 14

Technosphere exchanges modified 12

Technosphere exchanges modified
Exchange / scope	Field	Previous value	Revised value	Reason
market for iron scrap, unsorted (technosphere / GLO / kilogram)	Amount	-0.065	-0.0643032159264931	The quantity of iron scrap, unsorted follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for iron scrap, unsorted (technosphere / GLO / kilogram)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount -0.065; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of iron scrap, unsorted within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for ammonium sulfate (technosphere / RoW / kilogram)	Amount	0.31	0.306676875957121	The quantity of ammonium sulfate follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for ammonium sulfate (technosphere / RoW / kilogram)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.31; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of ammonium sulfate within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for electricity, medium voltage (technosphere / ZA / kilowatt hour)	Amount	0.2	0.054960013612387275	The quantity of electricity, medium voltage follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for electricity, medium voltage (technosphere / ZA / kilowatt hour)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.2; scale 0.9892802450229708. CLIC C023: Table S14 and the authors' Zenodo 10589869 native ILCD process c8877c07-bfdf-4651-b5b0-11c2db23a7fb both specify 0.20 MJ electricity before the separately approved C014 allocation. The ILCD electricity input 13 has meanAmount/resultingAmount 0.2 and explicit openLCA unitId 52765a6c-3896-43c2-b2f4-c679acf13efe, resolved to MJ in its energy unit group. Convert 0.20 MJ / 3.6 = 0.05555555555555556 kWh, then retain C014 allocation 0.9892802450229708 to obtain 0.054960013612387275 kWh per kg V2O5. The stored kilowatt-hour unit and native ecoinvent 3.9 cutoff ZA supplier are unchanged. No uncertainty distribution is introduced. The authors' 3.7.1 background and different allocation fractions are not imported.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of electricity, medium voltage within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for soda ash, dense (technosphere / GLO / kilogram)	Amount	0.37	0.3660336906584992	The quantity of soda ash, dense follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for soda ash, dense (technosphere / GLO / kilogram)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.37; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of soda ash, dense within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for sodium sulfate, anhydrite (technosphere / RER / kilogram)	Amount	0.5	0.4946401225114854	The quantity of sodium sulfate, anhydrite follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for sodium sulfate, anhydrite (technosphere / RER / kilogram)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.5; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of sodium sulfate, anhydrite within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for sulfuric acid (technosphere / RoW / kilogram)	Amount	0.46	0.4550689127105666	The quantity of sulfuric acid follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for sulfuric acid (technosphere / RoW / kilogram)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.46; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of sulfuric acid within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for water, deionised (technosphere / Europe without Switzerland / kilogram)	Amount	3.16	3.126125574272588	The quantity of water, deionised follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for water, deionised (technosphere / Europe without Switzerland / kilogram)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 3.16; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of water, deionised within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market group for heat, district or industrial, natural gas (technosphere / GLO / megajoule)	Amount	0.93	0.9200306278713629	The quantity of heat, district or industrial, natural gas follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market group for heat, district or industrial, natural gas (technosphere / GLO / megajoule)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.93; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of heat, district or industrial, natural gas within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market group for transport, freight train (technosphere / GLO / ton kilometer)	Amount	0.46	0.4550689127105666	The quantity of transport, freight train follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market group for transport, freight train (technosphere / GLO / ton kilometer)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.46; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of transport, freight train within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market group for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified (technosphere / GLO / ton kilometer)	Amount	0.0771	0.07627350689127105	The quantity of transport, freight, lorry, unspecified follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market group for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified (technosphere / GLO / ton kilometer)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.0771; scale 0.9892802450229708. CLIC C024: retain this single GLO lorry contribution and remove the additional RER record. Table S14 lists one GLO lorry quantity of 7.71e-2 t km; the authors native ILCD inventory contains one lorry input of 0.077073789 t km, consistent with that printed rounding. Retain the existing rounded 0.0771 t km before C014 allocation, yielding 0.07627350689127105 t km per kg V2O5. The choice of this existing native 3.9 GLO market-group supplier follows the publication geography; it is not a verified one-to-one migration of the authors 3.7.1 provider UUID, whose process is absent from the export. No new supplier, allocation, quantity recentering or uncertainty is introduced.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of transport, freight, lorry, unspecified within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
treatment of spent solvent mixture, hazardous waste incineration, with energy recovery (technosphere / RoW / kilogram)	Amount	-0.0632	-0.06252251148545176	The quantity of spent solvent mixture follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
treatment of spent solvent mixture, hazardous waste incineration, with energy recovery (technosphere / RoW / kilogram)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount -0.06320000000000001; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of spent solvent mixture within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
vanadium slag production (technosphere / ZA / kilogram)	Amount	1.35	1.335528330781011	The quantity of vanadium slag follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
vanadium slag production (technosphere / ZA / kilogram)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 1.35; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of vanadium slag within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.

Technosphere exchanges removed 2

Technosphere exchanges removed
Exchange / scope	Field	Previous value	Revised value	Reason
market for sodium sulfate, anhydrite (technosphere / RoW / kilogram)	Amount	-0.5 kilogram	Not present	The former sodium sulfate, anhydrite entry is superseded by the revised product/component boundary. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
market for transport, freight, lorry, unspecified (technosphere / RER / ton kilometer)	Amount	0.0771 ton kilometer	Not present	The former transport, freight, lorry, unspecified entry is superseded by the revised product/component boundary. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.

Biosphere exchanges modified 5

Biosphere exchanges modified
Exchange / scope	Field	Previous value	Revised value	Reason
Carbon dioxide, fossil (biosphere / air / kilogram)	Amount	0.16	0.1582848392036753	The quantity of Carbon dioxide, fossil follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
Carbon dioxide, fossil (biosphere / air / kilogram)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.16; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of Carbon dioxide, fossil within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
Oxygen (biosphere / air / kilogram)	Amount	0.0564	0.05579540581929555	The quantity of Oxygen follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
Oxygen (biosphere / air / kilogram)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.0564; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of Oxygen within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
Sulfur dioxide (biosphere / air / kilogram)	Amount	0.23	0.2275344563552833	The quantity of Sulfur dioxide follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
Sulfur dioxide (biosphere / air / kilogram)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.23; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of Sulfur dioxide within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
Transformation, from dump site, slag compartment (biosphere / natural resource / land / square meter)	Amount	0.47	0.4649617151607963	The quantity of Transformation, from dump site, slag compartment follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
Transformation, from dump site, slag compartment (biosphere / natural resource / land / square meter)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 0.47; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of Transformation, from dump site, slag compartment within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
Water (biosphere / air / cubic meter)	Amount	8.45e-05	8.359418070444103e-05	The quantity of Water follows the selected material or process reference. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.
Water (biosphere / air / cubic meter)	Inventory comment	Not set	Premise 2.5.4: Original amount 8.449999999999999e-05; scale 0.9892802450229708.	The annotation now explains the role and assumptions of Water within this inventory. Co-produced materials and energy are treated according to the chosen source allocation, instead of combining an allocated inventory with a duplicate substitution credit. The vanadium-production reference now expresses the selected ore, intermediate and co-product accounting consistently with its source process.

Metadata changes 14

Metadata changes
Exchange / scope	Field	Previous value	Revised value	Reason
Version metadata	Inventory evidence types	Literature	Literature; Proxy	No explanation was recorded for this change.
Version metadata	Geographical representativeness	1	2
Version metadata	Methodology and allocation explanation	Source review: Weber et al. (2018) models a hypothetical 1 MW/8.3 MWh vanadium system for 20-year renewables support, with a study functional unit of 1 MWh delivered electricity and separate manufacturing, use and recycling assumptions. Source software/background are openLCA1.6 and ecoinvent3.3 cut-off; the later May2022 export targets ecoinvent3.7.1. These are not automatic creation-software/profile or measured-year declarations for CLIC. The authors' v3 Zenodo record reports a doubled V2O5 error corrected in the native electrolyte, but explicitly warns of a remaining dataset error. A formal journal corrigendum was not located; the warning and archival correction statement are retained as evidence, not an error-free replacement reference. The original and archived SI extract to identical text and still print 0.286 kg V2O5 per litre with 1.35 kg electrolyte output; the updated native process uses 0.1455 kg. A per-litre recipe must be normalized before comparison with a per-kg CLIC reference. Current CLIC4469 is a later Oxkem VOS16/Martin formulation at 1.36 kg/L and4.2 mol/L sulfate, not a literal copy of either source version; do not halve its V2O5 again. The declared node reference is kilogram of vanadium pentoxide; supplier/biosphere identity, allocation and uncertainty are not established by a literal quantity match.	Published model and current reference Weber et al. (2018) describes a hypothetical 1 MW/8.3 MWh VRFB for renewables support, using 1 MWh delivered electricity as its study functional unit. Its original openLCA 1.6/ecoinvent 3.3 cut-off model, later ecoinvent 3.7.1 export and current CLIC profiles are distinct. Source publication, software/export dates and assumed equipment performance do not establish a measured reference year for each material process. Allocation and corrected utility basis Prices are historical 2010 U.S. proxies: 6.46 USD/lb V2O5 and 140 USD/short ton sodium sulfate. They are not measured South African prices or an efficiency improvement. SI S14 and the native ILCD unit chain specify 0.20 MJ electricity before allocation. After MJ-to-kWh conversion and the same economic share, the current dose is 0.054960013612387275 kWh. The single source lorry input is retained as 0.07627350689127105 t km on the chosen GLO supplier; the duplicate RER entry is not added again. Train, scrap and treatment conventions remain unchanged. Source archive The supporting native archive retains a 2018 publication date and was created in 2024. It describes a corrected electrolyte and an unspecified remaining dataset error; its older background export does not certify the current component recipe or supplier binding.
Version metadata	Multifunctionality applies	Not set	Yes
Version metadata	Multifunctionality treatment	Not specified	Allocation economic
Version metadata	Represents an allocated product	Not set	Yes
Version metadata	Contributors, publications, projects and supporting evidence	Funding: 1. Project: Url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Funding: 1. Project: Name: Storage and Cross-Linked Infrastructures Funding: 1. Project: Acronym: SCI Funding: 1. Project: Relation: source_study Funding: 1. Project: Grant identifier: Not set Funding: 1. Organization: Ror: https://ror.org/0281dp749 Funding: 1. Organization: Url: https://www.helmholtz.de/ Funding: 1. Organization: Name: Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres Funding: 1. Award identifier: Not set Evidence: 1. Origin: source_import Evidence: 1. Target field: data_origins Evidence: 1. Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance. Evidence: 1. Source location: source Evidence: 1. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 2. Origin: source_import Evidence: 2. Target field: included_life_cycle_stages Evidence: 2. Qualification: Minimum explicitly named stage(s); no assertion that all upstream/downstream stages of the cited study are present. Manufacturing rejects alone do not create an end-of-life stage. Evidence: 2. Source location: name Evidence: 2. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 3. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 3. Target field: publications Evidence: 3. Qualification: Bibliographic details refer to this explicitly cited DOI. Existing citation text is retained, including any additional sources. Publication year does not establish the inventory reference year; publication authors are not assigned as inventory compilers. Evidence: 3. Source location: DOI registration: title, publication dates and byline Evidence: 3. Source reference: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1021%2Facs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 4. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 4. Target field: publications Evidence: 4. Qualification: Preserve paper publication years 2025/2018, not DOI submission year 2024 or archive creation year 2024. Historical HIU/KIT and SLU affiliations remain distinct from later repository affiliations or email domains. Article authors are not assigned as inventory contributors. HIPOLE polymer institute remains distinct from the GSI physics institute and has no verified ROR in this review. Evidence: 4. Source location: Original paper byline and historical affiliations; DOI deposits; source-study institutional identity records Evidence: 4. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 5. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 5. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 5. Qualification: Source review: Weber et al. (2018) models a hypothetical 1 MW/8.3 MWh vanadium system for 20-year renewables support, with a study functional unit of 1 MWh delivered electricity and separate manufacturing, use and recycling assumptions. Source software/background are openLCA1.6 and ecoinvent3.3 cut-off; the later May2022 export targets ecoinvent3.7.1. These are not automatic creation-software/profile or measured-year declarations for CLIC. The authors' v3 Zenodo record reports a doubled V2O5 error corrected in the native electrolyte, but explicitly warns of a remaining dataset error. A formal journal corrigendum was not located; the warning and archival correction statement are retained as evidence, not an error-free replacement reference. The original and archived SI extract to identical text and still print 0.286 kg V2O5 per litre with 1.35 kg electrolyte output; the updated native process uses 0.1455 kg. A per-litre recipe must be normalized before comparison with a per-kg CLIC reference. Current CLIC4469 is a later Oxkem VOS16/Martin formulation at 1.36 kg/L and4.2 mol/L sulfate, not a literal copy of either source version; do not halve its V2O5 again. The declared node reference is kilogram of vanadium pentoxide; supplier/biosphere identity, allocation and uncertainty are not established by a literal quantity match. Evidence: 5. Source location: Author archive correction/residual-error statement, original/archival SI S8 and native c94ceb7a; CLIC exact-version checks Evidence: 5. Source reference: https://zenodo.org/records/10589869 Evidence: 6. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 6. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 6. Qualification: This superseded recipe remains distinct from its successor. Later CLIC engineering arithmetic does not certify or silently replace the earlier version's exchanges. Evidence: 6. Source location: Archived version status and source-specific comparison Evidence: 6. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 7. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 7. Target field: funding Evidence: 7. Qualification: Original source acknowledges Helmholtz Society SCI program. Keep this source-study support separate from HIU/KIT employment, later Oxkem/Martin formulation and CLIC development funding. No unprinted award number is invented. Evidence: 7. Source location: Source acknowledgments; CORDIS860403 and verified funder identities Evidence: 7. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Projects: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Projects: 1. Name: Storage and Cross-Linked Infrastructures Projects: 1. Acronym: SCI Projects: 1. Relation: source_study Projects: 1. Grant identifier: Not set Publications: 1. Doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Publications: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Publications: 1. Title: Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Selina Weber Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/034rhsb33 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://hiu-batteries.de/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Jens F. Peters Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: 0000-0002-4802-7806 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/034rhsb33 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://hiu-batteries.de/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Manuel Baumann Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: 0000-0002-8374-4624 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.itas.kit.edu/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: ITAS, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Name: Marcel Weil Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Orcid: 0000-0003-0151-9990 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.itas.kit.edu/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Name: ITAS, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Citation: Originally from Weber et al. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a vanadium redox flow battery. Environmental science & technology, 52(18), 10864-10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Publications: 1. Relation: primary_source Publications: 1. Source type: scientific_journal Publications: 1. Publication year: 2018	Funding: 1. Project: Url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Funding: 1. Project: Name: Storage and Cross-Linked Infrastructures Funding: 1. Project: Acronym: SCI Funding: 1. Project: Relation: source_study Funding: 1. Project: Grant identifier: Not set Funding: 1. Organization: Ror: https://ror.org/0281dp749 Funding: 1. Organization: Url: https://www.helmholtz.de/ Funding: 1. Organization: Name: Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres Funding: 1. Award identifier: Not set Evidence: 1. Origin: source_import Evidence: 1. Target field: data_origins Evidence: 1. Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance. Evidence: 1. Source location: source Evidence: 1. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 2. Origin: source_import Evidence: 2. Target field: data_origins Evidence: 2. Qualification: Tags describe documented input origins of this exact supplied version. Literature does not assert direct measurements; engineering and proxy tags describe stated assumptions, not validated industrial performance. Evidence: 2. Source location: description Evidence: 2. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 3. Origin: source_import Evidence: 3. Target field: included_life_cycle_stages Evidence: 3. Qualification: Minimum explicitly named stage(s); no assertion that all upstream/downstream stages of the cited study are present. Manufacturing rejects alone do not create an end-of-life stage. Evidence: 3. Source location: name Evidence: 3. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 4. Origin: source_import Evidence: 4. Target field: use_limitations Evidence: 4. Qualification: Copied version-specific scientific qualification; it remains applicable to this exact reconstruction and is not a claim about the source paper. Evidence: 4. Source location: description Evidence: 4. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 5. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 5. Target field: represents_allocated_product Evidence: 5. Qualification: Explicit allocation in this supplied snapshot; not a paper-family assumption. Evidence: 5. Source location: inventory_snapshot/comment Evidence: 5. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 6. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 6. Target field: multifunctionality_applicable Evidence: 6. Qualification: Explicit allocation in this supplied snapshot; not a paper-family assumption. Evidence: 6. Source location: inventory_snapshot/comment Evidence: 6. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 7. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 7. Target field: multifunctionality_methods Evidence: 7. Qualification: Explicit allocation in this supplied snapshot; not a paper-family assumption. Evidence: 7. Source location: inventory_snapshot/comment Evidence: 7. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 8. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 8. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 8. Qualification: Explicit declaration in this supplied inventory. Evidence: 8. Source location: inventory_snapshot/comment Evidence: 8. Source reference: Existing published CLIC inventory documentation Evidence: 9. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 9. Target field: publications Evidence: 9. Qualification: Bibliographic details refer to this explicitly cited DOI. Existing citation text is retained, including any additional sources. Publication year does not establish the inventory reference year; publication authors are not assigned as inventory compilers. Evidence: 9. Source location: DOI registration: title, publication dates and byline Evidence: 9. Source reference: https://api.crossref.org/works/10.1021%2Facs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 10. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 10. Target field: publications Evidence: 10. Qualification: Preserve paper publication years 2025/2018, not DOI submission year 2024 or archive creation year 2024. Historical HIU/KIT and SLU affiliations remain distinct from later repository affiliations or email domains. Article authors are not assigned as inventory contributors. HIPOLE polymer institute remains distinct from the GSI physics institute and has no verified ROR in this review. Evidence: 10. Source location: Original paper byline and historical affiliations; DOI deposits; source-study institutional identity records Evidence: 10. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 11. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 11. Target field: methodology_notes Evidence: 11. Qualification: Source review: Weber et al. (2018) models a hypothetical 1 MW/8.3 MWh vanadium system for 20-year renewables support, with a study functional unit of 1 MWh delivered electricity and separate manufacturing, use and recycling assumptions. Source software/background are openLCA1.6 and ecoinvent3.3 cut-off; the later May2022 export targets ecoinvent3.7.1. These are not automatic creation-software/profile or measured-year declarations for CLIC. The authors' v3 Zenodo record reports a doubled V2O5 error corrected in the native electrolyte, but explicitly warns of a remaining dataset error. A formal journal corrigendum was not located; the warning and archival correction statement are retained as evidence, not an error-free replacement reference. The original and archived SI extract to identical text and still print 0.286 kg V2O5 per litre with 1.35 kg electrolyte output; the updated native process uses 0.1455 kg. A per-litre recipe must be normalized before comparison with a per-kg CLIC reference. Current CLIC4469 is a later Oxkem VOS16/Martin formulation at 1.36 kg/L and4.2 mol/L sulfate, not a literal copy of either source version; do not halve its V2O5 again. The declared node reference is kilogram of vanadium pentoxide; supplier/biosphere identity, allocation and uncertainty are not established by a literal quantity match. Evidence: 11. Source location: Author archive correction/residual-error statement, original/archival SI S8 and native c94ceb7a; CLIC exact-version checks Evidence: 11. Source reference: https://zenodo.org/records/10589869 Evidence: 12. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 12. Target field: funding Evidence: 12. Qualification: Original source acknowledges Helmholtz Society SCI program. Keep this source-study support separate from HIU/KIT employment, later Oxkem/Martin formulation and CLIC development funding. No unprinted award number is invented. Evidence: 12. Source location: Source acknowledgments; CORDIS860403 and verified funder identities Evidence: 12. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 13. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 13. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 13. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Design capacity: Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 13. Source location: fields/design_capacity; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions Evidence: 13. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 14. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 14. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 14. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Design capacity unit: Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 14. Source location: fields/design_capacity_unit; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions Evidence: 14. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 15. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 15. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 15. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Capacity factor (%): Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 15. Source location: fields/capacity_factor_percent; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions Evidence: 15. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 16. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 16. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 16. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Annual production volume: Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 16. Source location: fields/annual_production_volume; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions Evidence: 16. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 17. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 17. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 17. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Annual production volume unit: Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 17. Source location: fields/annual_production_volume_unit; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions Evidence: 17. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 18. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 18. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 18. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Annual production volume year: Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 18. Source location: fields/annual_production_volume_year; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions Evidence: 18. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 19. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 19. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 19. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Plant or represented-asset lifetime (years): Unspecified. Basis: No new exact-context value established. Preserve existing reference and power/energy/source scope without annual observation-year or utilization inference. Evidence classification: corrected model scope and calendar review. Confidence: high for current model definition not measured operation. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 19. Source location: fields/plant_lifetime_years; exact current installed/lifetime ledgers and Weber source system/use assumptions Evidence: 19. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 20. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 20. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 20. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Commercial maturity stage: mature_commercial. Basis: Curator assessment of established VRFB or ordinary material/hardware manufacturing routes. The 2018manufacturer/material context and 2025primary comparative paper support commercial VRFB availability over decades. Numeric9is not source-assigned and does not certify this reconstructed material, system-performance or mining/chemical LCI. Evidence classification: source boundary review and qualified route or proxy assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 20. Source location: Weber source application/materials/use/end-of-life sections; repository warning; Zhang2025vanadium-commercial-route comparison; vanadium-flow-source-reading.json Evidence: 20. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 21. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 21. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 21. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Technology readiness level: 9. Basis: Curator assessment of established VRFB or ordinary material/hardware manufacturing routes. The 2018manufacturer/material context and 2025primary comparative paper support commercial VRFB availability over decades. Numeric9is not source-assigned and does not certify this reconstructed material, system-performance or mining/chemical LCI. Evidence classification: source boundary review and qualified route or proxy assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 21. Source location: Weber source application/materials/use/end-of-life sections; repository warning; Zhang2025vanadium-commercial-route comparison; vanadium-flow-source-reading.json Evidence: 21. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 22. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 22. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 22. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Technological representativeness: 3. Basis: Curator assessment of generic industrial/engineering reconstruction and transferred supplier data. At least3for component/upstream process proxies;4for custom controls and modelled future end-of-life paths. Existing conservative scores are retained. Evidence classification: source boundary review and qualified route or proxy assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 22. Source location: Weber source application/materials/use/end-of-life sections; repository warning; Zhang2025vanadium-commercial-route comparison; vanadium-flow-source-reading.json Evidence: 22. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 23. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 23. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 23. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Geographical representativeness: 2. Basis: Curator assessment: regional industrial upstream references do not establish perfect country-wide production coverage. Generic RER/GLO component and future treatment transfers are regional/global proxies, not exact factory samples. Keep existing more conservative ratings. Evidence classification: source boundary review and qualified route or proxy assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 23. Source location: Weber source application/materials/use/end-of-life sections; repository warning; Zhang2025vanadium-commercial-route comparison; vanadium-flow-source-reading.json Evidence: 23. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Evidence: 24. Origin: editor_verification Evidence: 24. Target field: technology_description Evidence: 24. Qualification: Technical-characterisation review TC-1405. Temporal representativeness: 4. Basis: Historical2018inventory and older upstream/material data are not refreshed by a2024deposit, solvent datasheet or corrected export. Modelled future end-of-life also has uncertain vintage. Curator score4records historical/mixed/proxy temporal coverage. Evidence classification: source boundary review and qualified route or proxy assessment. Confidence: medium curator judgement. A retained model value is not a measured observation or industrial certification. Source-specific assumptions and detailed technical parameters accompany this plan. Evidence: 24. Source location: Weber source application/materials/use/end-of-life sections; repository warning; Zhang2025vanadium-commercial-route comparison; vanadium-flow-source-reading.json Evidence: 24. Source reference: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Projects: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Projects: 1. Name: Storage and Cross-Linked Infrastructures Projects: 1. Acronym: SCI Projects: 1. Relation: source_study Projects: 1. Grant identifier: Not set Publications: 1. Doi: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Publications: 1. Url: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Publications: 1. Title: Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Selina Weber Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: Not set Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/034rhsb33 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://hiu-batteries.de/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Jens F. Peters Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: 0000-0002-4802-7806 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/034rhsb33 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://hiu-batteries.de/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Manuel Baumann Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: 0000-0002-8374-4624 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.itas.kit.edu/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: ITAS, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Name: Marcel Weil Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Orcid: 0000-0003-0151-9990 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.itas.kit.edu/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Name: ITAS, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlstrasse 11, 76133 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 2. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 2. Url: https://www.kit.edu/ Publications: 1. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 2. Name: Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany Publications: 1. Citation: Originally from Weber et al. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a vanadium redox flow battery. Environmental science & technology, 52(18), 10864-10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Publications: 1. Relation: primary_source Publications: 1. Source type: scientific_journal Publications: 1. Publication year: 2018 Publications: 2. Doi: 10.5281/zenodo.10589869 Publications: 2. Url: https://zenodo.org/records/10589869 Publications: 2. Title: Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Name: Selina Weber Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Orcid: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/034rhsb33 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://hiu-batteries.de/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 1. Affiliations: 1. Name: Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Name: Jens F. Peters Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Orcid: 0000-0002-4802-7806 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04pmn0e78 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.uah.es/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 2. Affiliations: 1. Name: Universidad de Alcalá Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Name: Manuel Baumann Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Orcid: Not set Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.itas.kit.edu/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 3. Affiliations: 1. Name: ITAS, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlsruhe Germany Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Name: Marcel Weil Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Orcid: 0000-0003-0151-9990 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Ror: https://ror.org/04t3en479 Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Url: https://www.itas.kit.edu/ Publications: 2. Scientific authors: 4. Affiliations: 1. Name: ITAS, Institute for Technology Assessment and Systems Analysis, Karlsruhe Germany Publications: 2. Citation: Weber, S., Peters, J. F., Baumann, M., and Weil, M. (2018). Life Cycle Assessment of a Vanadium Redox Flow Battery. Zenodo v3: accepted manuscript and native inventory files; record created 2024. DOI 10.5281/zenodo.10589869. Publications: 2. Relation: supporting_source Publications: 2. Source type: other Publications: 2. Publication year: 2018
Version metadata	Technological representativeness	2	3
Version metadata	Temporal representativeness	3	4
Version metadata	Limitations on use	Not set	The authors' remaining-error warning does not invalidate the separately convergent table/native electricity-unit evidence, but prevents a whole-process certification. Residual slag mass versus land-transformation flow and metallurgical mass balance remain unresolved. Retained rounded freight is not replaced by false precision or taken as proof of missing-provider equivalence.
Version metadata	Description	Source: Weber et al. (2018). Life cycle assessment of a vanadium redox flow battery. Environmental science & technology, 52(18), 10864-10873. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b02073 Source review: Weber et al. (2018) models a hypothetical 1 MW/8.3 MWh vanadium system for 20-year renewables support, with a study functional unit of 1 MWh delivered electricity and separate manufacturing, use and recycling assumptions. Source software/background are openLCA1.6 and ecoinvent3.3 cut-off; the later May2022 export targets ecoinvent3.7.1. These are not automatic creation-software/profile or measured-year declarations for CLIC. The authors' v3 Zenodo record reports a doubled V2O5 error corrected in the native electrolyte, but explicitly warns of a remaining dataset error. A formal journal corrigendum was not located; the warning and archival correction statement are retained as evidence, not an error-free replacement reference. The original and archived SI extract to identical text and still print 0.286 kg V2O5 per litre with 1.35 kg electrolyte output; the updated native process uses 0.1455 kg. A per-litre recipe must be normalized before comparison with a per-kg CLIC reference. Current CLIC4469 is a later Oxkem VOS16/Martin formulation at 1.36 kg/L and4.2 mol/L sulfate, not a literal copy of either source version; do not halve its V2O5 again. The declared node reference is kilogram of vanadium pentoxide; supplier/biosphere identity, allocation and uncertainty are not established by a literal quantity match.	South African vanadium-pentoxide refining reference, per declared output 1 kilogram.	Describe the actual reference flow, process boundary, engineering assumptions and source limitations in reader-facing language. Remove operational review/release instructions and distinguish capacity/component services from operating-energy inputs; the inventory content and declared terms are preserved.
Version metadata	Intended application	Not set	Reuse within the documented VRFB model with the correct material, batch/component unit, current engineering reference and original background/profile pairing.	Apply reviewed discovery metadata and change explanations from the curated release.
Version metadata	System boundary	Not set	The declared 1 kilogram reference and its recorded suppliers or signed services. Material/component manufacture, installed-system provision, lifetime operation and retirement keep separate denominators.
Version metadata	Technology description	Not set	The model retains one kg V2O5 output and the positive sodium-sulfate chemical input while removing the old −0.5 kg sodium-sulfate substitution. The economic vanadium share is 6.46/(6.46+140/2000) = 0.9892802450229708.

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This inventory was restored from a public CLIC archive. Its original publication route is Curator-led bulk import; private review and workflow records were not transferred.

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vanadium pentoxide production

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